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Upgrade toolchain to 14.2.

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Update first two sections of documentation accordingly.
This commit is contained in:
Renaud 2025-01-03 11:32:51 +08:00
parent f199ffa8b0
commit 2ee50ead2a
12 changed files with 144 additions and 117 deletions
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8
Makefile
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
# Makefile -- stm32bringup # Makefile -- stm32bringup
# Copyright © 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet # Copyright © 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST)))
#REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
#REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.mpacbti-rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.mpacbti-rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
#REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-13.2.Rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-13.2.Rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
REVDIR = arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
else else
DRIVE = d DRIVE = d
ifeq (cygwin, $(findstring cygwin, $(MAKE_HOST))) ifeq (cygwin, $(findstring cygwin, $(MAKE_HOST)))
@ -40,7 +41,8 @@ endif
#REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi
#REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.mpacbti-rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-12.2.mpacbti-rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi
#REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.2.Rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.2.Rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi
REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi #REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi
REVDIR = GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi
endif endif
GCCDIR = $(INSTALLDIR)/$(REVDIR) GCCDIR = $(INSTALLDIR)/$(REVDIR)

87
docs/11_toolchain.html
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@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ IDE or encapsulate those paths and names in <b>Makefile</b> variables.
<pre> <pre>
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi- BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi-
CC = $(BINPFX)gcc CC = $(BINPFX)gcc
### Build rules ### Build rules
@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ share the same name prefix <b>arm-none-eabi-</b>. So I have created a
</ul> </ul>
<pre> <pre>
$ make $ make
"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-m "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-m
ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc --version ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc --version
arm-none-eabi-gcc.exe (Arm GNU Toolchain 13.3.Rel1 (Build arm-13.24)) 13.3.1 202 arm-none-eabi-gcc.exe (Arm GNU Toolchain 14.2.Rel1 (Build arm-14.52)) 14.2.1 202
40614 41119
Copyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright (C) 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
</pre> </pre>
@ -65,20 +65,20 @@ means that the <b>Makefile</b> on Linux will be the same as the Windows one
except for the value of the <b>GCCDIR</b> variable. except for the value of the <b>GCCDIR</b> variable.
<pre> <pre>
GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
</pre> </pre>
By selecting the path based on the development environment, there is no need By selecting the path based on the development environment, there is no need
to make changes while switching between OS. <b>Gmake</b> has the built-in to make changes while switching between OS. <b><i>gmake</i></b> has the built-in
variable <b>MAKE_HOST</b> that can be tested for this. variable <b>MAKE_HOST</b> that can be tested for this.
<pre> <pre>
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST))) ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST)))
GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
else else
GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
endif endif
BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi- BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi-
@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ version:
</pre> </pre>
I use the path prefix <b>$(HOME)/Packages</b> instead of <b>~/Packages</b> when I use the path prefix <b>$(HOME)/Packages</b> instead of <b>~/Packages</b> when
defining <b>GCCDIR</b> as some sub-processes called by <i>gmake</i> may have defining <b>GCCDIR</b> as some sub-processes called by <b><i>gmake</i></b> may
issues with <b>~</b> expansion (in this case <i>ld</i>). This way <i>gmake</i> have issues with <b>~</b> expansion (in this case <i>ld</i>). This way
will handle the expansion before calling the sub-processes. <b><i>gmake</i></b> will handle the expansion before calling the sub-processes.
<h2>Toolchain’s chain of events</h2> <h2>Toolchain’s chain of events</h2>
In order to generate a file that can be loaded in the micro-controller, I In order to generate a file that can be loaded in the micro-controller, I
@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ executable (<b>.elf</b>)
loading or flashing (<b>.bin</b> or <b>.hex</b>). loading or flashing (<b>.bin</b> or <b>.hex</b>).
</ol> </ol>
<h3>1. Compile</h3> <h3>1. Compile</h3>
<b>Gmake</b> has default rules to built <b>.o</b> files out of <b>.c</b> files. <b><i>gmake</i></b> has default rules to built <b>.o</b> files out of <b>.c</b>
files.
As I have already defined with <b>CC</b> the command to compile, I can make a As I have already defined with <b>CC</b> the command to compile, I can make a
simple test of this step by creating an empty <b>.c</b> file and checking what simple test of this step by creating an empty <b>.c</b> file and checking what
happens when I try to compile it. happens when I try to compile it.
@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ happens when I try to compile it.
$ touch empty.c $ touch empty.c
$ make empty.o $ make empty.o
"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-m "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-m
ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -o empty.o empty.c ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -o empty.o empty.c
</pre> </pre>
Compilation is succesful and <b>empty.o</b> file is generated. Compilation is succesful and <b>empty.o</b> file is generated.
@ -139,9 +140,9 @@ use the simplest script: <b>mem.ld</b>.
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST))) ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST)))
GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
else else
GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
endif endif
BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi- BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi-
@ -152,6 +153,11 @@ LD_SCRIPT = $(GCCDIR)/share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld
### Build rules ### Build rules
.PHONY: version
version:
$(CC) --version
%.elf: %.o %.elf: %.o
$(LD) -T$(LD_SCRIPT) -o $@ $< $(LD) -T$(LD_SCRIPT) -o $@ $<
@ -159,23 +165,24 @@ LD_SCRIPT = $(GCCDIR)/share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld
<pre> <pre>
$ make empty.elf $ make empty.elf
"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-m "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-m
ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-ld -T"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-ld -T"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU
Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
/share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld -o empty.elf empty.o /share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld -o empty.elf empty.o
</pre> </pre>
Link terminates successfully and creates <b>empty.elf</b>. Link terminates successfully and creates <b>empty.elf</b>.
<h3>3. Convert</h3> <h3>3. Convert</h3>
Finally, I use the command <b>objcopy</b> to convert the executable <b>.elf</b> Finally, I use the command <b><i>objcopy</i></b> to convert the executable
file into binary or intel hex format suitable to load in the micro-controller. <b>.elf</b> file into binary or intel hex format suitable to load in the
micro-controller.
<pre> <pre>
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST))) ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST)))
GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
else else
GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
endif endif
BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi- BINPFX = $(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi-
@ -187,6 +194,11 @@ LD_SCRIPT = $(GCCDIR)/share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld
### Build rules ### Build rules
.PHONY: version
version:
$(CC) --version
%.elf: %.o %.elf: %.o
$(LD) -T$(LD_SCRIPT) -o $@ $< $(LD) -T$(LD_SCRIPT) -o $@ $<
@ -203,23 +215,23 @@ empty <b>empty.c</b> file, I can successfully build.
<pre> <pre>
$ make empty.bin empty.hex $ make empty.bin empty.hex
"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-m "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-m
ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -o empty.o empty.c ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -o empty.o empty.c
"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-m "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-m
ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-ld -T"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-ld -T"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU
Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
/share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld -o empty.elf empty.o /share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld -o empty.elf empty.o
"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-m "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-m
ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O binary empty.elf empty ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O binary empty.elf empty
.bin .bin
"D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-m "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-m
ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex empty.elf empty.h ingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"/bin/arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex empty.elf empty.h
ex ex
rm empty.o empty.elf rm empty.o empty.elf
</pre> </pre>
Notice that <b>gmake</b> automatically removes the intermediary <b>.o</b> and Notice that <b><i>gmake</i></b> automatically removes the intermediary
<b>.elf</b> files on completion. <b>.o</b> and <b>.elf</b> files on completion.
<p> <p>
The generated <b>empty.bin</b> is empty. The generated <b>empty.bin</b> is empty.
@ -229,7 +241,7 @@ of the long command names. Also I need a way to clean the working directory
back to its initial state. back to its initial state.
<ul> <ul>
<li>By prefixing <b>BINPFX</b> with <i>@</i>, commands will not be displayed by <li>By prefixing <b>BINPFX</b> with <i>@</i>, commands will not be displayed by
<i>gmake</i> when they are executed. Adding an <b>echo</b> of the command <b><i>gmake</i></b> when they are executed. Adding an <b>echo</b> of the command
target in the rules helps to keep track of the build progression. target in the rules helps to keep track of the build progression.
<li>A new <b>clean</b> rule will remove all generated files. <li>A new <b>clean</b> rule will remove all generated files.
</ul> </ul>
@ -237,9 +249,9 @@ target in the rules helps to keep track of the build progression.
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST))) ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST)))
GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
else else
GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
endif endif
BINPFX = @$(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi- BINPFX = @$(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi-
@ -251,7 +263,10 @@ LD_SCRIPT = $(GCCDIR)/share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/mem.ld
### Build rules ### Build rules
.PHONY: clean .PHONY: clean version
version:
$(CC) --version
clean: clean:
@echo CLEAN @echo CLEAN
@ -289,6 +304,6 @@ source file (<b>empty.c</b>) to an empty binary file (<b>empty.bin</b>).
<a href="12_bootstrap.html">Next</a>, I will select a micro-controller <a href="12_bootstrap.html">Next</a>, I will select a micro-controller
from the STM32 family and generate a binary file that it can execute. from the STM32 family and generate a binary file that it can execute.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

15
docs/12_bootstrap.html
View File

@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ LD_SCRIPT = $(GCCDIR)/share/gcc-arm-none-eabi/samples/ldscripts/nokeep.ld
<pre> <pre>
$ make empty.elf $ make empty.elf
empty.elf empty.elf
D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: warning: cannot find entry ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: warning: cannot find entry
symbol Reset_Handler; defaulting to 00000000 symbol Reset_Handler; defaulting to 00000000
rm empty.o rm empty.o
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ LD_SCRIPT = f030f4.ld
At boot time, the Arm core fetches the initial address of the stack pointer At boot time, the Arm core fetches the initial address of the stack pointer
and the address where to start execution from the first two entries of its and the address where to start execution from the first two entries of its
interrupt routine table. I have to modify <b>boot.c</b> to initialize such a interrupt routine table. I have to modify <b>boot.c</b> to initialize such a
table in accord with the symbols defined in the link script. table in accordance with the symbols defined in the link script.
<pre> <pre>
/* Memory locations defined by linker script */ /* Memory locations defined by linker script */
@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ indented.
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST))) ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST)))
GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
else else
GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
endif endif
BINPFX = @$(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi- BINPFX = @$(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi-
@ -280,7 +280,10 @@ LD_SCRIPT = f030f4.ld
### Build rules ### Build rules
.PHONY: clean .PHONY: clean version
version:
$(CC) --version
clean: clean:
@echo CLEAN @echo CLEAN
@ -302,6 +305,6 @@ clean:
</pre> </pre>
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

4
docs/13_flash.html
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@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ First I activate the connection in the programmer.
</pre> </pre>
Then program and verify the bootstrap code. Either binary, Intel hex or Then program and verify the bootstrap code. Either binary, Intel hex or
Motorola S rec format are supported. Our <b>Makefile</b> as rules for binary Motorola S rec format are supported. Our <b>Makefile</b> has rules for binary
and Intel hex, <b><i>objcopy</i></b> also support Motorola S record as an output and Intel hex, <b><i>objcopy</i></b> also support Motorola S record as an output
format. Last build produced <b>boot.hex</b>. format. Last build produced <b>boot.hex</b>.
@ -158,6 +158,6 @@ application.
<a href="14_ledon.html">Next</a>, I will provide feedback of execution directly <a href="14_ledon.html">Next</a>, I will provide feedback of execution directly
through the board. through the board.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

6
docs/18_3stages.html
View File

@ -170,9 +170,9 @@ their <code>SRCS</code> line is uncommented.
### Build environment selection ### Build environment selection
ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST))) ifeq (linux, $(findstring linux, $(MAKE_HOST)))
GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi GCCDIR = $(HOME)/Packages/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi
else else
GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi" GCCDIR = "D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi"
endif endif
BINPFX = @$(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi- BINPFX = @$(GCCDIR)/bin/arm-none-eabi-
@ -260,6 +260,6 @@ This step was mainly to achieve a better structure for future evolution.
<a href="19_publish.html">Next</a>, I will make the code available in a <a href="19_publish.html">Next</a>, I will make the code available in a
public git repository. public git repository.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

4
docs/23_hello.html
View File

@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ To build I update the software composition in <b>Makefile</b> by adding a new
<pre>SRCS = startup.c usart1tx.c hello.c</pre> <pre>SRCS = startup.c usart1tx.c hello.c</pre>
Calling make, I can see that there is now some variable in <b>BSS</b> section Calling make, I can see that there is now some variable in <b>BSS</b> section
of the RAM. It is <code>lastchar</code> local to <code>kputc()</code>. Because of the RAM. It is <code>lastc</code> local to <code>kputc()</code>. Because
of word alignment <code>BSS</code> occupies 4 bytes. of word alignment <code>BSS</code> occupies 4 bytes.
<pre> <pre>
@ -155,6 +155,6 @@ support for other stdio functions when needed.
<a href="24_stm32flash.html">Next</a>, I will switch to an open source tool <a href="24_stm32flash.html">Next</a>, I will switch to an open source tool
for flashing over serial connection that works on both Windows and Linux. for flashing over serial connection that works on both Windows and Linux.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

43
docs/25_prototype.html
View File

@ -98,15 +98,15 @@ Unfortunately, when I try to build an executable, the link phase fails.
<pre> <pre>
$ make $ make
f030f4.elf f030f4.elf
D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: uptime.1.o: in function `kp ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: uptime.1.o: in function `kp
utu': utu':
D:\Projects\stm32bringup\docs/uptime.1.c:13:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to D:\home\Projects\stm32bringup/uptime.1.c:13:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to
`__aeabi_uidivmod' `__aeabi_uidivmod'
D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: D:\Projects\stm32bringup\do ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: D:\home\Projects\stm32bring
cs/uptime.1.c:14:(.text+0x14): undefined reference to `__aeabi_uidiv' up/uptime.1.c:14:(.text+0x14): undefined reference to `__aeabi_uidiv'
make: *** [Makefile:45: f030f4.elf] Error 1 make: *** [Makefile:49: f030f4.elf] Error 1
</pre> </pre>
The compiler has generated code that references two functions The compiler has generated code that references two functions
@ -123,12 +123,12 @@ no integer division support. So integer division needs to be implemented
by code as it is not supported by hardware. by code as it is not supported by hardware.
I need to pass the linker a reference to GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain I need to pass the linker a reference to GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain
library for Cortex-M0. The library file is <b>libggc.a</b>, the option -l and library for Cortex-M0. The library file is <b>libgcc.a</b>, the option -l and
-L of the linker tell what the library name is (-lgcc => libgcc.a) and -L of the linker tell what the library name is (-lgcc => libgcc.a) and
where to look for it. where to look for it.
<pre> <pre>
LIBDIR = $(GCCDIR)/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp LIBDIR = $(GCCDIR)/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp
LIB_PATHS = -L$(LIBDIR) LIB_PATHS = -L$(LIBDIR)
LIBS = -lgcc LIBS = -lgcc
@ -158,16 +158,16 @@ symbols (<code>__aeabi_uidiv</code> and <code>__aeabi_idiv0</code>).
<pre> <pre>
Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol) Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_udivsi3.o) (_udivsi3.o)
uptime.1.o (__aeabi_uidiv) uptime.1.o (__aeabi_uidiv)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_dvmd_tls.o) (_dvmd_tls.o)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/ D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/
arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/1 arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/1
3.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_udivsi3.o) (__aeabi_idiv0) 4.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_udivsi3.o) (__aeabi_idiv0)
</pre> </pre>
<h2>Testing</h2> <h2>Testing</h2>
@ -205,12 +205,13 @@ the <b>gcc</b> library.
<li> LIBS = -lstm32 <li> LIBS = -lstm32
</ul> </ul>
</ol> </ol>
The <code>ar</code> command distributed by the GNU Arm embedded toolchain is The <b><i>ar</i></b> command distributed by the GNU Arm embedded toolchain is
the same <b>GNU ar</b> as the Linux or Cygwin and MSYS2 distributions on the same <b>GNU <i>ar</i></b> as found in the Linux distributions or Cygwin and
Windows. So I use my native environment implementation for convenience. MSYS2 distributions on Windows. So I use my native environment implementation
This is true for the utility commands (<code>ar</code>, <code>objcopy</code>, for convenience.
<code>objdump</code> and <code>size</code>) but not for <code>gcc</code> and This is true for the utility commands (<b><i>ar</i></b>, <b><i>objcopy</i></b>,
<code>ld</code>. <b><i>objdump</i></b> and <b><i>size</i></b>) but not for <b><i>gcc</i></b> and
<b><i>ld</i></b>.
<h2>Checkpoint</h2> <h2>Checkpoint</h2>
@ -225,6 +226,6 @@ I can use <code>ar</code> to extract locally those modules from the library.
<a href="26_uptime.html">Next</a>, I will write <code>uptime</code> with a <a href="26_uptime.html">Next</a>, I will write <code>uptime</code> with a
better structure. better structure.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

38
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@ -241,12 +241,12 @@ Unfortunately, the build fails at the link phase.
<pre> <pre>
$ make $ make
f030f4.elf f030f4.elf
D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:\Program Files (x86)\GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain\arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: uptime.o: in function `main ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi\bin\arm-none-eabi-ld.exe: uptime.o: in function `main
': ':
D:\Projects\stm32bringup\docs/uptime.c:41:(.text.startup+0xa4): D:\home\Projects\stm32bringup/uptime.c:41:(.text.startup+0xa4): undefined refere
undefined reference to `putchar' nce to `putchar'
make: *** [Makefile:49: f030f4.elf] Error 1 make: *** [Makefile:53: f030f4.elf] Error 1
</pre> </pre>
The linker found a reference to <code>putchar()</code> at line 41 of The linker found a reference to <code>putchar()</code> at line 41 of
@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ The build now complete successfully.
$ make $ make
f030f4.elf f030f4.elf
text data bss dec hex filename text data bss dec hex filename
1797 0 12 1809 711 f030f4.elf 1325 0 12 1337 539 f030f4.elf
f030f4.hex f030f4.hex
f030f4.bin f030f4.bin
</pre> </pre>
@ -297,14 +297,24 @@ code to handle <code>switch()</code> statement are now referenced.
<pre> <pre>
Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol) Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_thumb1_case_sqi.o) D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_thumb1_case_sqi.o)
printf.o (__gnu_thumb1_case_sqi) printf.o (__gnu_thumb1_case_sqi)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_udivsi3.o) D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_udivsi3.o)
uptime.o (__aeabi_uidiv) uptime.o (__aeabi_uidiv)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_divsi3.o) D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_divsi3.o)
uptime.o (__aeabi_idiv) uptime.o (__aeabi_idiv)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_dvmd_tls.o) D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_udivsi3.o) (__aeabi_idiv0) ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_dvmd_tls.o)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/
arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/1
4.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_udivsi3.o) (__aeabi_idiv0)
</pre> </pre>
<h2>Test</h2> <h2>Test</h2>
@ -326,14 +336,14 @@ make sure days and weeks values are correct. It’s also clear that the
test coverage for the printf format interpreter is not sufficient as I have test coverage for the printf format interpreter is not sufficient as I have
coded more than is necessary to implement <b>uptime</b>. coded more than is necessary to implement <b>uptime</b>.
<p> <p>
I didn’t expect gcc to optimize call to high level C functions, I didn’t expect gcc to optimize calls to high level C functions,
replacing <code>printf()</code> by <code>putchar()</code>, thus forcing me to replacing some <code>printf()</code> by <code>putchar()</code>, thus forcing me
write additional code. So far I am not concerned by execution speed, so this to write additional code. So far I am not concerned by execution speed, so this
type of optimization is a bit counter productive. type of optimization is a bit counter productive.
<p> <p>
<a href="27_library.html">Next</a>, I will make sure that what belongs to the <a href="27_library.html">Next</a>, I will make sure that what belongs to the
library category fits in an actual library file. library category fits in an actual library file.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
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34
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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int puts( const char *s) {
<h2>Updating Makefile</h2> <h2>Updating Makefile</h2>
I need to tell <b>GNU make</b> how to manage and use the library, which I need to tell <b>GNU make</b> how to manage and use the library, which
means updating <b>Makefile</b>. means updating <b>Makefile</b> with the following informations:
<p> <p>
What’s the name, the content and the rule to maintain the library: What’s the name, the content and the rule to maintain the library:
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Build terminates successfully producing the same executable as before.
$ make $ make
f030f4.elf from startup.o uplow.2.o uptime.o f030f4.elf from startup.o uplow.2.o uptime.o
text data bss dec hex filename text data bss dec hex filename
1797 0 12 1809 711 f030f4.elf 1325 0 12 1337 539 f030f4.elf
f030f4.hex f030f4.hex
f030f4.bin f030f4.bin
</pre> </pre>
@ -100,26 +100,22 @@ newly created library.
<pre> <pre>
Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol) Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol)
.\libstm32.a(printf.o) uptime.o (printf) libstm32.a(printf.o) uptime.o (printf)
.\libstm32.a(putchar.o) uptime.o (putchar) libstm32.a(putchar.o) uptime.o (putchar)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_thumb1_case_sqi.o) (_thumb1_case_sqi.o)
.\libstm32.a(printf.o) (__gnu_thumb1_case_sqi) libstm32.a(printf.o) (__gnu_thumb1_case_sqi)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_udivsi3.o) (_udivsi3.o)
uptime.o (__aeabi_uidiv) uptime.o (__aeabi_uidiv)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/14.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_divsi3.o)
uptime.o (__aeabi_idiv)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mi
ngw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a
(_dvmd_tls.o) (_dvmd_tls.o)
D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/ D:/Program Files (x86)/GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain/
arm-gnu-toolchain-13.3.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/1 arm-gnu-toolchain-14.2.rel1-mingw-w64-i686-arm-none-eabi/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/1
3.3.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_udivsi3.o) (__aeabi_idiv0) 4.2.1/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libgcc.a(_udivsi3.o) (__aeabi_idiv0)
</pre> </pre>
<h2>Building hello</h2> <h2>Building hello</h2>
@ -147,7 +143,7 @@ Checking the map file produced in the link phase, I can see that only
<pre> <pre>
Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol) Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol)
.\libstm32.a(puts.o) hello.o (puts) libstm32.a(puts.o) hello.o (puts)
</pre> </pre>
<h2>Checkpoint</h2> <h2>Checkpoint</h2>
@ -159,6 +155,6 @@ implementation of the standard C library output functions is a simple step.
<a href="28_clocks.html">Next</a>, I will continue on the topic of asynchronous serial <a href="28_clocks.html">Next</a>, I will continue on the topic of asynchronous serial
transmission and look into baud rate and clock configuration. transmission and look into baud rate and clock configuration.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

4
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@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ Build complete successfully, this is for PLL HSE board configuration.
$ make $ make
f030f4.elf from startup.o clocks.o uptime.o f030f4.elf from startup.o clocks.o uptime.o
text data bss dec hex filename text data bss dec hex filename
1901 0 12 1913 779 f030f4.elf 1441 0 12 1453 5ad f030f4.elf
f030f4.hex f030f4.hex
f030f4.bin f030f4.bin
</pre> </pre>
@ -328,6 +328,6 @@ me some flexibility and ease of setup.
<a href="29_interrupt.html">Next</a>, I will implement interrupt driven <a href="29_interrupt.html">Next</a>, I will implement interrupt driven
transmission. transmission.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
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10
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@ -246,18 +246,18 @@ Build completes successfully
$ make $ make
f030f4.elf from startup.txeie.o txeie.o uptime.o f030f4.elf from startup.txeie.o txeie.o uptime.o
text data bss dec hex filename text data bss dec hex filename
2097 0 20 2117 845 f030f4.elf 1641 0 20 1661 67d f030f4.elf
f030f4.hex f030f4.hex
f030f4.bin f030f4.bin
</pre> </pre>
Checking the map and lst files I can verify that Checking the map and lst files I can verify that
<ul> <ul>
<li> This code has grown by 128 bytes due to the 32 extra interrupt handlers. <li> 128 bytes of the code growth is due to the 32 extra interrupt handlers.
<li> Previous implementation of <code>kputc()</code> was using 4 bytes of bss <li> Previous implementation of <code>kputc()</code> was using 4 bytes of bss
to hold lastchar (1 byte). The new version uses 12 bytes to hold the round to hold lastc (1 byte). The new version uses 12 bytes to hold the round robin
robin buffer (8 bytes), its in and out indexes (2 bytes) and lastchar (1 byte). buffer (8 bytes), its in and out indexes (2 bytes) and lastc (1 byte).
<li> The compiler optimizes the modulo instruction in <code>% size</code> to <li> The compiler optimizes the modulo instruction in <code>% size</code> to
bit masking <code>& (size – 1)</code> as the size 8 is a power of 2. bit masking <code>& (size – 1)</code> as the size 8 is a power of 2.
@ -274,6 +274,6 @@ second, there is plenty of idle time.
<a href="index.html#part3">Next</a>, I will use an external sensor to do some <a href="index.html#part3">Next</a>, I will use an external sensor to do some
measurement. measurement.
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

8
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
Getting started with a micro-controller usually means picking up a board, Getting started with a micro-controller usually means picking up a board,
an IDE, some RTOS or a set of libraries. Depending of your level of experience, an IDE, some RTOS or a set of libraries. Depending of your level of experience,
your budget and the solutions you select, the learning curve may be a steep your budget and the solutions you select, the learning curve may be a steep
one and what you will learn can be very limited if you end up cornered in a one and what you will learn could be very limited if you end up cornered in a
sandbox with no understanding of what’s going on under the hood. sandbox with no understanding of what’s going on under the hood.
<p> <p>
Commercial solutions and mature open source projects are a must if you want to Commercial solutions and mature open source projects are a must if you want to
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ for further evolution.
It’s time to move to a more talkative interface so that the board not It’s time to move to a more talkative interface so that the board not
only winks but also speaks. Again I will go through several steps to get only winks but also speaks. Again I will go through several steps to get
to a working asynchronous serial communication. to a working interrupt driven asynchronous serial communication.
<ul> <ul>
<li> <a href="21_uart.html">Validate</a> the serial connection by wiring a <li> <a href="21_uart.html">Validate</a> the serial connection by wiring a
board with an USB to UART adapter and using a Serial Flash loader application board with an USB to UART adapter and using a Serial Flash loader application
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ long the system has been running.
</ul><ul> </ul><ul>
<li> <a href="28_clocks.html">Configure</a> baud rate and clocks. <li> <a href="28_clocks.html">Configure</a> baud rate and clocks.
</ul><ul> </ul><ul>
<li> Handle the transmission with <a href="29_interrupt.html">interrupt</a>. <li> Handle the transmission with <a href="29_interrupt.html">interrupts</a>.
</ul> </ul>
<h2><a id="part3">Part III: Sensors! So hot! So wet!</a></h2> <h2><a id="part3">Part III: Sensors! So hot! So wet!</a></h2>
@ -123,6 +123,6 @@ during startup.
<li> <a href="AA_factory.html">Factory-programmed</a> values. <li> <a href="AA_factory.html">Factory-programmed</a> values.
</ul> </ul>
<hr>© 2020-2024 Renaud Fivet <hr>© 2020-2025 Renaud Fivet
</body> </body>
</html> </html>