misc fixes (#69)

* Add a test for german case folding.

* Add a function to copy a string with a string with a larger allocation
  (to be used by the case folding routines)
* Add printf attributes to the printf-like functions and fix one format
  warning
* Cleanup the tempfree macro
* make more functions static
* rename fp to frp (FRame Pointer) to avoid shadowing with fp (File Pointer).
* add more const
* fix indent in UPLUS case
* add locale-aware case folding
* make nfiles size_t
* fix bugs in file closing:
    - compare fclose to EOF and pclose to -1
    - use nfiles instead of FOPEN_MAX in closeall
    - don't close files we did not open (0,1,2) fpurge/fflush instead

* - use NUL instead of 0 for char comparisons
- add ISWS() macro
- use continue; instead of ;

* Check for existance of the german locale before using it.

* Add missing parentheses, thanks Arnold.
This commit is contained in:
zoulasc 2020-02-06 14:25:36 -05:00 committed by GitHub
parent 768d6b5886
commit 110bdc6b3e
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23
4 changed files with 195 additions and 110 deletions

10
proto.h
View File

@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ extern double getfval(Cell *);
extern char *getsval(Cell *);
extern char *getpssval(Cell *); /* for print */
extern char *tostring(const char *);
extern char *tostringN(const char *, size_t);
extern char *qstring(const char *, int);
extern Cell *catstr(Cell *, Cell *);
@ -135,9 +136,12 @@ extern void yyerror(const char *);
extern void fpecatch(int);
extern void bracecheck(void);
extern void bcheck2(int, int, int);
extern void SYNTAX(const char *, ...);
extern void FATAL(const char *, ...) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
extern void WARNING(const char *, ...);
extern void SYNTAX(const char *, ...)
__attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 1, 2)));
extern void FATAL(const char *, ...)
__attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 1, 2), __noreturn__));
extern void WARNING(const char *, ...)
__attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 1, 2)));
extern void error(void);
extern void eprint(void);
extern void bclass(int);

274
run.c
View File

@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ THIS SOFTWARE.
#define DEBUG
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <wchar.h>
#include <wctype.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <limits.h>
@ -37,11 +39,12 @@ THIS SOFTWARE.
#include "awk.h"
#include "ytab.h"
#define tempfree(x) if (istemp(x)) tfree(x); else
/*
#undef tempfree
static void stdinit(void);
static void flush_all(void);
#if 1
#define tempfree(x) do { if (istemp(x)) tfree(x); } while (/*CONSTCOND*/0)
#else
void tempfree(Cell *p) {
if (p->ctype == OCELL && (p->csub < CUNK || p->csub > CFREE)) {
WARNING("bad csub %d in Cell %d %s",
@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ void tempfree(Cell *p) {
if (istemp(p))
tfree(p);
}
*/
#endif
/* do we really need these? */
/* #ifdef _NFILE */
@ -131,7 +134,6 @@ int adjbuf(char **pbuf, int *psiz, int minlen, int quantum, char **pbptr,
void run(Node *a) /* execution of parse tree starts here */
{
extern void stdinit(void);
stdinit();
execute(a);
@ -220,11 +222,11 @@ struct Frame { /* stack frame for awk function calls */
struct Frame *frame = NULL; /* base of stack frames; dynamically allocated */
int nframe = 0; /* number of frames allocated */
struct Frame *fp = NULL; /* frame pointer. bottom level unused */
struct Frame *frp = NULL; /* frame pointer. bottom level unused */
Cell *call(Node **a, int n) /* function call. very kludgy and fragile */
{
static Cell newcopycell = { OCELL, CCOPY, 0, EMPTY, 0.0, NUM|STR|DONTFREE, NULL };
static const Cell newcopycell = { OCELL, CCOPY, 0, EMPTY, 0.0, NUM|STR|DONTFREE, NULL };
int i, ncall, ndef;
int freed = 0; /* handles potential double freeing when fcn & param share a tempcell */
Node *x;
@ -237,21 +239,21 @@ Cell *call(Node **a, int n) /* function call. very kludgy and fragile */
if (!isfcn(fcn))
FATAL("calling undefined function %s", s);
if (frame == NULL) {
fp = frame = calloc(nframe += 100, sizeof(*frame));
frp = frame = calloc(nframe += 100, sizeof(*frame));
if (frame == NULL)
FATAL("out of space for stack frames calling %s", s);
}
for (ncall = 0, x = a[1]; x != NULL; x = x->nnext) /* args in call */
ncall++;
ndef = (int) fcn->fval; /* args in defn */
dprintf( ("calling %s, %d args (%d in defn), fp=%d\n", s, ncall, ndef, (int) (fp-frame)) );
dprintf( ("calling %s, %d args (%d in defn), frp=%d\n", s, ncall, ndef, (int) (frp-frame)) );
if (ncall > ndef)
WARNING("function %s called with %d args, uses only %d",
s, ncall, ndef);
if (ncall + ndef > NARGS)
FATAL("function %s has %d arguments, limit %d", s, ncall+ndef, NARGS);
for (i = 0, x = a[1]; x != NULL; i++, x = x->nnext) { /* get call args */
dprintf( ("evaluate args[%d], fp=%d:\n", i, (int) (fp-frame)) );
dprintf( ("evaluate args[%d], frp=%d:\n", i, (int) (frp-frame)) );
y = execute(x);
oargs[i] = y;
dprintf( ("args[%d]: %s %f <%s>, t=%o\n",
@ -268,25 +270,25 @@ Cell *call(Node **a, int n) /* function call. very kludgy and fragile */
args[i] = gettemp();
*args[i] = newcopycell;
}
fp++; /* now ok to up frame */
if (fp >= frame + nframe) {
int dfp = fp - frame; /* old index */
frp++; /* now ok to up frame */
if (frp >= frame + nframe) {
int dfp = frp - frame; /* old index */
frame = realloc(frame, (nframe += 100) * sizeof(*frame));
if (frame == NULL)
FATAL("out of space for stack frames in %s", s);
fp = frame + dfp;
frp = frame + dfp;
}
fp->fcncell = fcn;
fp->args = args;
fp->nargs = ndef; /* number defined with (excess are locals) */
fp->retval = gettemp();
frp->fcncell = fcn;
frp->args = args;
frp->nargs = ndef; /* number defined with (excess are locals) */
frp->retval = gettemp();
dprintf( ("start exec of %s, fp=%d\n", s, (int) (fp-frame)) );
dprintf( ("start exec of %s, frp=%d\n", s, (int) (frp-frame)) );
y = execute((Node *)(fcn->sval)); /* execute body */
dprintf( ("finished exec of %s, fp=%d\n", s, (int) (fp-frame)) );
dprintf( ("finished exec of %s, frp=%d\n", s, (int) (frp-frame)) );
for (i = 0; i < ndef; i++) {
Cell *t = fp->args[i];
Cell *t = frp->args[i];
if (isarr(t)) {
if (t->csub == CCOPY) {
if (i >= ncall) {
@ -315,9 +317,9 @@ Cell *call(Node **a, int n) /* function call. very kludgy and fragile */
if (freed == 0) {
tempfree(y); /* don't free twice! */
}
z = fp->retval; /* return value */
z = frp->retval; /* return value */
dprintf( ("%s returns %g |%s| %o\n", s, getfval(z), getsval(z), z->tval) );
fp--;
frp--;
return(z);
}
@ -344,11 +346,11 @@ Cell *arg(Node **a, int n) /* nth argument of a function */
{
n = ptoi(a[0]); /* argument number, counting from 0 */
dprintf( ("arg(%d), fp->nargs=%d\n", n, fp->nargs) );
if (n+1 > fp->nargs)
dprintf( ("arg(%d), frp->nargs=%d\n", n, frp->nargs) );
if (n+1 > frp->nargs)
FATAL("argument #%d of function %s was not supplied",
n+1, fp->fcncell->nval);
return fp->args[n];
n+1, frp->fcncell->nval);
return frp->args[n];
}
Cell *jump(Node **a, int n) /* break, continue, next, nextfile, return */
@ -367,14 +369,14 @@ Cell *jump(Node **a, int n) /* break, continue, next, nextfile, return */
if (a[0] != NULL) {
y = execute(a[0]);
if ((y->tval & (STR|NUM)) == (STR|NUM)) {
setsval(fp->retval, getsval(y));
fp->retval->fval = getfval(y);
fp->retval->tval |= NUM;
setsval(frp->retval, getsval(y));
frp->retval->fval = getfval(y);
frp->retval->tval |= NUM;
}
else if (y->tval & STR)
setsval(fp->retval, getsval(y));
setsval(frp->retval, getsval(y));
else if (y->tval & NUM)
setfval(fp->retval, getfval(y));
setfval(frp->retval, getfval(y));
else /* can't happen */
FATAL("bad type variable %d", y->tval);
tempfree(y);
@ -793,8 +795,8 @@ Cell *sindex(Node **a, int nnn) /* index(a[0], a[1]) */
z = gettemp();
for (p1 = s1; *p1 != '\0'; p1++) {
for (q=p1, p2=s2; *p2 != '\0' && *q == *p2; q++, p2++)
;
for (q = p1, p2 = s2; *p2 != '\0' && *q == *p2; q++, p2++)
continue;
if (*p2 == '\0') {
v = (Awkfloat) (p1 - s1 + 1); /* origin 1 */
break;
@ -1064,7 +1066,7 @@ Cell *arith(Node **a, int n) /* a[0] + a[1], etc. also -a[0] */
case UMINUS:
i = -i;
break;
case UPLUS: /* handled by getfval(), above */
case UPLUS: /* handled by getfval(), above */
break;
case POWER:
if (j >= 0 && modf(j, &v) == 0.0) /* pos integer exponent */
@ -1301,7 +1303,7 @@ Cell *split(Node **a, int nnn) /* split(a[0], a[1], a[2]); a[3] is type */
setsymtab(num, s, 0.0, STR, (Array *) ap->sval);
setptr(patbeg, temp);
s = patbeg + patlen;
if (*(patbeg+patlen-1) == 0 || *s == 0) {
if (*(patbeg+patlen-1) == '\0' || *s == '\0') {
n++;
snprintf(num, sizeof(num), "%d", n);
setsymtab(num, "", 0.0, STR, (Array *) ap->sval);
@ -1322,15 +1324,16 @@ Cell *split(Node **a, int nnn) /* split(a[0], a[1], a[2]); a[3] is type */
pfa = NULL;
} else if (sep == ' ') {
for (n = 0; ; ) {
while (*s == ' ' || *s == '\t' || *s == '\n')
#define ISWS(c) ((c) == ' ' || (c) == '\t' || (c) == '\n')
while (ISWS(*s))
s++;
if (*s == 0)
if (*s == '\0')
break;
n++;
t = s;
do
s++;
while (*s!=' ' && *s!='\t' && *s!='\n' && *s!='\0');
while (*s != '\0' && !ISWS(*s));
temp = *s;
setptr(s, '\0');
snprintf(num, sizeof(num), "%d", n);
@ -1339,22 +1342,22 @@ Cell *split(Node **a, int nnn) /* split(a[0], a[1], a[2]); a[3] is type */
else
setsymtab(num, t, 0.0, STR, (Array *) ap->sval);
setptr(s, temp);
if (*s != 0)
if (*s != '\0')
s++;
}
} else if (sep == 0) { /* new: split(s, a, "") => 1 char/elem */
for (n = 0; *s != 0; s++) {
for (n = 0; *s != '\0'; s++) {
char buf[2];
n++;
snprintf(num, sizeof(num), "%d", n);
buf[0] = *s;
buf[1] = 0;
buf[1] = '\0';
if (isdigit((uschar)buf[0]))
setsymtab(num, buf, atof(buf), STR|NUM, (Array *) ap->sval);
else
setsymtab(num, buf, 0.0, STR, (Array *) ap->sval);
}
} else if (*s != 0) {
} else if (*s != '\0') {
for (;;) {
n++;
t = s;
@ -1368,7 +1371,7 @@ Cell *split(Node **a, int nnn) /* split(a[0], a[1], a[2]); a[3] is type */
else
setsymtab(num, t, 0.0, STR, (Array *) ap->sval);
setptr(s, temp);
if (*s++ == 0)
if (*s++ == '\0')
break;
}
}
@ -1505,16 +1508,73 @@ Cell *instat(Node **a, int n) /* for (a[0] in a[1]) a[2] */
return True;
}
static char *nawk_convert(const char *s, int (*fun_c)(int),
wint_t (*fun_wc)(wint_t))
{
char *buf = NULL;
char *pbuf = NULL;
const char *ps = NULL;
size_t n = 0;
mbstate_t mbs, mbs2;
wchar_t wc;
size_t sz = MB_CUR_MAX;
if (sz == 1) {
buf = tostring(s);
for (pbuf = buf; *pbuf; pbuf++)
*pbuf = fun_c((uschar)*pbuf);
return buf;
} else {
/* upper/lower character may be shorter/longer */
buf = tostringN(s, strlen(s) * sz + 1);
memset(&mbs, 0, sizeof(mbs));
memset(&mbs2, 0, sizeof(mbs2));
ps = s;
pbuf = buf;
while (n = mbrtowc(&wc, ps, sz, &mbs),
n > 0 && n != (size_t)-1 && n != (size_t)-2)
{
ps += n;
n = wcrtomb(pbuf, fun_wc(wc), &mbs2);
if (n == (size_t)-1)
FATAL("illegal wide character %s", s);
pbuf += n;
}
*pbuf = '\0';
if (n)
FATAL("illegal byte sequence %s", s);
return buf;
}
}
static char *nawk_toupper(const char *s)
{
return nawk_convert(s, toupper, towupper);
}
static char *nawk_tolower(const char *s)
{
return nawk_convert(s, tolower, towlower);
}
Cell *bltin(Node **a, int n) /* builtin functions. a[0] is type, a[1] is arg list */
{
Cell *x, *y;
Awkfloat u;
int t;
Awkfloat tmp;
char *p, *buf;
char *buf;
Node *nextarg;
FILE *fp;
void flush_all(void);
int status = 0;
t = ptoi(a[0]);
@ -1585,16 +1645,10 @@ Cell *bltin(Node **a, int n) /* builtin functions. a[0] is type, a[1] is arg lis
break;
case FTOUPPER:
case FTOLOWER:
buf = tostring(getsval(x));
if (t == FTOUPPER) {
for (p = buf; *p; p++)
if (islower((uschar) *p))
*p = toupper((uschar)*p);
} else {
for (p = buf; *p; p++)
if (isupper((uschar) *p))
*p = tolower((uschar)*p);
}
if (t == FTOUPPER)
buf = nawk_toupper(getsval(x));
else
buf = nawk_tolower(getsval(x));
tempfree(x);
x = gettemp();
setsval(x, buf);
@ -1677,14 +1731,14 @@ struct files {
int mode; /* '|', 'a', 'w' => LE/LT, GT */
} *files;
int nfiles;
size_t nfiles;
void stdinit(void) /* in case stdin, etc., are not constants */
static void stdinit(void) /* in case stdin, etc., are not constants */
{
nfiles = FOPEN_MAX;
files = calloc(nfiles, sizeof(*files));
if (files == NULL)
FATAL("can't allocate file memory for %u files", nfiles);
FATAL("can't allocate file memory for %zu files", nfiles);
files[0].fp = stdin;
files[0].fname = "/dev/stdin";
files[0].mode = LT;
@ -1699,12 +1753,13 @@ void stdinit(void) /* in case stdin, etc., are not constants */
FILE *openfile(int a, const char *us)
{
const char *s = us;
int i, m;
size_t i;
int m;
FILE *fp = NULL;
if (*s == '\0')
FATAL("null file name in print or getline");
for (i=0; i < nfiles; i++)
for (i = 0; i < nfiles; i++)
if (files[i].fname && strcmp(s, files[i].fname) == 0) {
if (a == files[i].mode || (a==APPEND && files[i].mode==GT))
return files[i].fp;
@ -1714,15 +1769,15 @@ FILE *openfile(int a, const char *us)
if (a == FFLUSH) /* didn't find it, so don't create it! */
return NULL;
for (i=0; i < nfiles; i++)
for (i = 0; i < nfiles; i++)
if (files[i].fp == NULL)
break;
if (i >= nfiles) {
struct files *nf;
int nnf = nfiles + FOPEN_MAX;
size_t nnf = nfiles + FOPEN_MAX;
nf = realloc(files, nnf * sizeof(*nf));
if (nf == NULL)
FATAL("cannot grow files for %s and %d files", s, nnf);
FATAL("cannot grow files for %s and %zu files", s, nnf);
memset(&nf[nfiles], 0, FOPEN_MAX * sizeof(*nf));
nfiles = nnf;
files = nf;
@ -1754,7 +1809,7 @@ FILE *openfile(int a, const char *us)
const char *filename(FILE *fp)
{
int i;
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < nfiles; i++)
if (fp == files[i].fp)
@ -1765,52 +1820,59 @@ const char *filename(FILE *fp)
Cell *closefile(Node **a, int n)
{
Cell *x;
int i, stat;
size_t i;
bool stat;
x = execute(a[0]);
getsval(x);
stat = -1;
stat = true;
for (i = 0; i < nfiles; i++) {
if (files[i].fname && strcmp(x->sval, files[i].fname) == 0) {
if (ferror(files[i].fp))
FATAL( "i/o error occurred on %s", files[i].fname );
if (files[i].mode == '|' || files[i].mode == LE)
stat = pclose(files[i].fp);
else
stat = fclose(files[i].fp);
if (stat == EOF)
FATAL( "i/o error occurred closing %s", files[i].fname );
if (i > 2) /* don't do /dev/std... */
xfree(files[i].fname);
files[i].fname = NULL; /* watch out for ref thru this */
files[i].fp = NULL;
}
if (!files[i].fname || strcmp(x->sval, files[i].fname) != 0)
continue;
if (ferror(files[i].fp))
FATAL("i/o error occurred on %s", files[i].fname);
if (files[i].mode == '|' || files[i].mode == LE)
stat = pclose(files[i].fp) == -1;
else
stat = fclose(files[i].fp) == EOF;
if (stat)
FATAL("i/o error occurred closing %s", files[i].fname);
if (i > 2) /* don't do /dev/std... */
xfree(files[i].fname);
files[i].fname = NULL; /* watch out for ref thru this */
files[i].fp = NULL;
}
tempfree(x);
x = gettemp();
setfval(x, (Awkfloat) stat);
setfval(x, (Awkfloat) (stat ? -1 : 0));
return(x);
}
void closeall(void)
{
int i, stat;
size_t i;
bool stat;
for (i = 0; i < FOPEN_MAX; i++) {
if (files[i].fp) {
if (ferror(files[i].fp))
FATAL( "i/o error occurred on %s", files[i].fname );
if (files[i].mode == '|' || files[i].mode == LE)
stat = pclose(files[i].fp);
else
stat = fclose(files[i].fp);
if (stat == EOF)
FATAL( "i/o error occurred while closing %s", files[i].fname );
}
for (i = 0; i < nfiles; i++) {
if (!files[i].fp)
continue;
if (ferror(files[i].fp))
FATAL("i/o error occurred on %s", files[i].fname);
if (i == 0)
stat = fpurge(files[i].fp) == EOF;
else if (i <= 2)
stat = fflush(files[i].fp) == EOF;
else if (files[i].mode == '|' || files[i].mode == LE)
stat = pclose(files[i].fp) == -1;
else
stat = fclose(files[i].fp) == EOF;
if (stat)
FATAL("i/o error occurred while closing %s",
files[i].fname);
}
}
void flush_all(void)
static void flush_all(void)
{
int i;
@ -1849,7 +1911,7 @@ Cell *sub(Node **a, int nnn) /* substitute command */
while (sptr < patbeg)
*pb++ = *sptr++;
sptr = getsval(y);
while (*sptr != 0) {
while (*sptr != '\0') {
adjbuf(&buf, &bufsz, 5+pb-buf, recsize, &pb, "sub");
if (*sptr == '\\') {
backsub(&pb, &sptr);
@ -1867,8 +1929,8 @@ Cell *sub(Node **a, int nnn) /* substitute command */
sptr = patbeg + patlen;
if ((patlen == 0 && *patbeg) || (patlen && *(sptr-1))) {
adjbuf(&buf, &bufsz, 1+strlen(sptr)+pb-buf, 0, &pb, "sub");
while ((*pb++ = *sptr++) != 0)
;
while ((*pb++ = *sptr++) != '\0')
continue;
}
if (pb > buf + bufsz)
FATAL("sub result2 %.30s too big; can't happen", buf);
@ -1911,11 +1973,11 @@ Cell *gsub(Node **a, int nnn) /* global substitute */
pb = buf;
rptr = getsval(y);
do {
if (patlen == 0 && *patbeg != 0) { /* matched empty string */
if (patlen == 0 && *patbeg != '\0') { /* matched empty string */
if (mflag == 0) { /* can replace empty */
num++;
sptr = rptr;
while (*sptr != 0) {
while (*sptr != '\0') {
adjbuf(&buf, &bufsz, 5+pb-buf, recsize, &pb, "gsub");
if (*sptr == '\\') {
backsub(&pb, &sptr);
@ -1928,7 +1990,7 @@ Cell *gsub(Node **a, int nnn) /* global substitute */
*pb++ = *sptr++;
}
}
if (*t == 0) /* at end */
if (*t == '\0') /* at end */
goto done;
adjbuf(&buf, &bufsz, 2+pb-buf, recsize, &pb, "gsub");
*pb++ = *t++;
@ -1943,7 +2005,7 @@ Cell *gsub(Node **a, int nnn) /* global substitute */
while (sptr < patbeg)
*pb++ = *sptr++;
sptr = rptr;
while (*sptr != 0) {
while (*sptr != '\0') {
adjbuf(&buf, &bufsz, 5+pb-buf, recsize, &pb, "gsub");
if (*sptr == '\\') {
backsub(&pb, &sptr);
@ -1956,7 +2018,7 @@ Cell *gsub(Node **a, int nnn) /* global substitute */
*pb++ = *sptr++;
}
t = patbeg + patlen;
if (patlen == 0 || *t == 0 || *(t-1) == 0)
if (patlen == 0 || *t == '\0' || *(t-1) == '\0')
goto done;
if (pb > buf + bufsz)
FATAL("gsub result1 %.30s too big; can't happen", buf);
@ -1965,8 +2027,8 @@ Cell *gsub(Node **a, int nnn) /* global substitute */
} while (pmatch(pfa,t));
sptr = t;
adjbuf(&buf, &bufsz, 1+strlen(sptr)+pb-buf, 0, &pb, "gsub");
while ((*pb++ = *sptr++) != 0)
;
while ((*pb++ = *sptr++) != '\0')
continue;
done: if (pb < buf + bufsz)
*pb = '\0';
else if (*(pb-1) != '\0')

View File

@ -29,6 +29,14 @@ $awk '{ printf("%s|%s|%s\n", tolower($0), toupper($0), $0)}' >foo1
echo 'hello, world!|HELLO, WORLD!|hello, WORLD!' >foo2
diff foo1 foo2 || echo 'BAD: T.builtin (toupper/tolower)'
if locale -a | grep -qsi de_DE.UTF-8; then
(export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8 && echo 'Dürst' |
$awk '{ printf("%s|%s|%s\n", tolower($0), toupper($0), $0)}') >foo1
echo 'dürst|DÜRST|Dürst' >foo2
diff foo1 foo2 || echo 'BAD: T.builtin (toupper/tolower) for utf-8'
fi
$awk 'BEGIN {
j = 1; sprintf("%d", 99, ++j) # does j get incremented?
if (j != 2)

13
tran.c
View File

@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ void funnyvar(Cell *vp, const char *rw)
if (vp->tval & FCN)
FATAL("can't %s %s; it's a function.", rw, vp->nval);
WARNING("funny variable %p: n=%s s=\"%s\" f=%g t=%o",
vp, vp->nval, vp->sval, vp->fval, vp->tval);
(void *)vp, vp->nval, vp->sval, vp->fval, vp->tval);
}
char *setsval(Cell *vp, const char *s) /* set string val of a Cell */
@ -516,6 +516,17 @@ char *tostring(const char *s) /* make a copy of string s */
return(p);
}
char *tostringN(const char *s, size_t n) /* make a copy of string s */
{
char *p;
p = malloc(n);
if (p == NULL)
FATAL("out of space in tostring on %s", s);
strcpy(p, s);
return(p);
}
Cell *catstr(Cell *a, Cell *b) /* concatenate a and b */
{
Cell *c;