3.7 Install, Appendix: reorganized the presentation to put more options in the main text
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@ -44,117 +44,6 @@ menuentry "MemTest86+ 4.20" {
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Save the manual configuration file as '''/boot/grub/grub.cfg'''.
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[[#syslinux-install]]
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!! SYSLINUX installation notes
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The venerable bootloader LILO has been dropped as of CRUX version 3.7; most
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users will find it straightforward to adopt GRUB instead. This section presents
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another option, the SYSLINUX bootloader.
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!!! Precaution
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Installing a new boot manager is like modifying the partition table using fdisk
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or installing a new system kernel. Please create a rescue boot disk first!
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!!! Installation -- Legacy (MBR) booting
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If your motherboard does not support UEFI boot mode (or if you disabled it
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deliberately), then installing syslinux will require you to overwrite the master
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boot record (MBR). The '''syslinux''' package provides two different binary
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blobs that can occupy the designated MBR area of the hard disk. To determine
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which binary blob is appropriate, you will need to remember what kind of
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partition table you wrote when you initialized your disk for CRUX. The older DOS
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(MBR) partition table is supported by %fn%/usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin%%, while
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the newer GPT (GUID) partition table is supported by
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%fn%/usr/share/syslinux/gptmbr.bin%%. You can run @@fdisk -l /dev/sda@@
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(replacing ''sda'' with your actual device) to remind yourself what the existing
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partition table looks like. An identification of the exact partition type (DOS
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or GPT) will appear next to ''Disklabel type:'' in the fdisk output.
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Once you determine the binary blob that will work with your partition table, run
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the commands that will copy that binary blob into the master boot record.
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'''Remember to replace ''sda'' with your actual device. The first command sets
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''INSTALLDIR'' as the path to a directory on a vfat or ext2/3/4 filesystem
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('''which must be flagged as bootable in the partition table'''). In this
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example we use a path that minimizes the hassle when toggling your BIOS between
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UEFI and legacy boot methods. A less confusing option is commented out, for
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BIOSes that truly have no UEFI capability.'''
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$ INSTALLDIR=/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT # or /boot/syslinux
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$ PTYPE=$(fdisk -l /dev/sda | grep "^Disklabel type" | cut -d " " -f3)
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$ [ "$PTYPE" = "gpt" ] && BINBLOB=gptmbr.bin || BINBLOB=mbr.bin
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$ mkdir -p $INSTALLDIR
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$ cd $INSTALLDIR
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$ cp /usr/share/syslinux/ldlinux.c32 .
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$ cp /usr/src/linux-5.15.55/arch/x86/boot/bzImage vmlinuz-5.15.55
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$ extlinux --install $INSTALLDIR
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$ dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/usr/share/syslinux/$BINBLOB of=/dev/sda
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$ vi syslinux.cfg
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-> The @@extlinux@@ command takes a ''directory under a mounted partition'' as
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its argument, rather than a device node. Upstream documentation begins with an
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example of calling the @@syslinux@@ command with the ''device node'' as its
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argument, which assumes that the partition is not mounted. Because you're
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already creating files on this partition, we demonstrate the command that won't
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require you to unmount the partition before running it.
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The @@extlinux@@ command is also smart enough to set its argument (the ''install
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target'') as the directory to be searched for configuration files, so you can
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proceed to launch the editor on %fn%syslinux.cfg%% (see the next section for a
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template) without changing directory.
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[[#syslinux-cfg]]
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!!! Template for a SYSLINUX configuration file
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Now that the SYSLINUX bootloader is successfully installed, you need to tell it
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where to find your kernel and the root filesystem.
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[@
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DEFAULT CRUX-3.7
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PROMPT 1
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TIMEOUT 10
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LABEL CRUX-3.7
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SAY "Now booting into CRUX"
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KERNEL vmlinuz-5.15.55
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APPEND root=/dev/sda2 rw quiet
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@]
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When giving the location of a kernel image, relative paths are interpreted in
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reference to the %fn%syslinux.cfg%% file. In the example above, since
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@@extlinux@@ assigned %fn%/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/%% as the preferred location for
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%fn%syslinux.cfg%%, we copied the kernel to
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%fn%/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/vmlinuz-5.15.55%%.
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!!! Installation -- UEFI booting
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If your motherboard supports the UEFI boot mode, then installation of syslinux
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is as simple as copying a few files to the EFI system partition (mounted at
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%fn%/boot/efi%% in the example commands below) and writing a configuration that
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tells syslinux where to find your kernel. First confirm that EFI variables are
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visible to the currently-running kernel; if you run @@efivar -l@@ and see a list
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of %fn%universally-unique-identifier-VariableName%%s, then the following
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commands should be sufficient.
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$ mkdir -p /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT
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$ cd /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT
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$ cp /usr/share/syslinux/efi64/ldlinux.e64 .
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$ cp /usr/share/syslinux/efi64/syslinux.efi BOOTX64.EFI
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$ cp /usr/src/linux-5.15.55/arch/x86/boot/bzImage vmlinuz-5.15.55
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$ vi syslinux.cfg
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* Remember to change %fn%/boot/efi%% to the actual mount point of your EFI
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system partition.
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* Most UEFI implementations search the subdirectory %fn%EFI/BOOT%% of the
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EFI partition for the bootloader, defaulting to a file named
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%fn%BOOTX64.EFI%% in that subdirectory.
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** If you choose a different mountpoint for the EFI partition, adjust the @@mkdir@@ and @@cd@@ commands accordingly (UEFI itself is completely agnostic about mountpoints specified in %fn%/etc/fstab).
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** Copying the %fn%syslinux.efi%% file with its original name
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would require you to run @@efibootmgr@@ and inform the BIOS about this new
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bootloader-like object. See [[#EFI-stub-install | "EFI Stub installation"]]
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for an example of using @@efibootmgr@@ to create new boot entries.
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* The fifth command puts a copy of the kernel (renamed to show version
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information) in the working directory. The final command starts the vi editor on
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a buffer that will be written to %fn%syslinux.cfg%%, which must contain a line
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giving the path to the kernel image. See the [[#syslinux-cfg| "SYSLINUX
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configuration file template"]] for details.
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[[#EFI-stub-install]]
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!! EFI Stub installation notes
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@ -224,12 +113,6 @@ EFI system partition. The two most common ways to shorten what looks like an
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overly-verbose path to the kernel are:
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** mount your EFI system partition somewhere else (and adjust the @@mkdir@@ and @@cd@@ commands as needed).
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** save your kernel closer to the root of the EFI system partition (and change the @@efibootmgr@@ invocation as needed).
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-> The flexibility afforded by all these options can be overwhelming (but
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considerably less so than the decisions involved in full-disk encryption;
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see the next section). Each presentation above (SYSLINUX legacy, SYSLINUX
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UEFI, and EFI STUB) is meant to illustrate just one possible way of setting
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up a bootloader, and you're welcome to explore variations on these
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instructions to suit your preferred partitioning scheme.
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[[#initramfs]]
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!! Notes on Initramfs
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@ -213,14 +213,24 @@ kernel. For example:
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->The setup program installs a configuration file
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%fn%/usr/src/linux-5.15.x/.config%% which is a good starting point for a
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%fn%/usr/src/linux-5.15.55/.config%% which is a good starting point for a
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custom kernel, because all needed options, like CONFIG_DEVTMPFS, are
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enabled.
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$ cd /usr/src/linux-5.15.x
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$ cd /usr/src/linux-5.15.55
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$ make menuconfig
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$ make all
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$ make modules_install
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$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.55-1
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$ cp System.map /boot
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->The location %fn%/boot%% is the default path that GRUB will
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search for kernel images. If you use SYSLINUX or the kernel itself as
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your bootloader, then modify the @@cp@@ commands to copy the kernel into a
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more appropriate location, e.g., the subdirectory %fn%EFI/BOOT%% under the
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mountpoint of the EFI system partition.
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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@ -232,48 +242,107 @@ this file, %fn%config-5.15.55-modular%%, under %fn%/crux/kernel/contrib%% on
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the installation media.
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[[#BootLoader-Setup]] !!! Installing a Bootloader
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-->If you plan to use syslinux as your bootloader, skip ahead to
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[[#syslinux-install | "syslinux installation notes"]] in the appendix of this
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document. Otherwise, proceed with '''grub-install''' according to the
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instructions below.
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First place a copy of the newly-compiled kernel in a standard location,
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named so that it will be detected by %fn%grub-mkconfig%%. For example,
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%fn%grub-mkconfig%% will be able to recognize '''/boot/vmlinuz-5.x''' as
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a valid kernel image, but '''NOT''' a file named '''/boot/linuxkernel-5.x'''.
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[@
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$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.55-1
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$ cp System.map /boot
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$ grub-mkconfig > /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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@]
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-->Unless you compiled your kernel to provide an EFI stub '''and have UEFI
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boot mode enabled in your BIOS''', you will want to install a bootloader on
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your hard disk. Simple instructions are provided below for four distinct
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combinations of bootloader and BIOS setting. You are advised to choose one
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of the following options based on how your BIOS is configured and on how
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important you consider hand-editable configuration files. The EFI stub
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option is presented in the [[#EFI-stub-install|Appendix]], if you find it
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simpler to modify EFI variables rather than configuration files.
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grub-mkconfig's output can be altered by setting variables in a
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* GRUB, in UEFI boot mode:
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** Install grub2 into the EFI system partition using the command
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'''grub-install /boot/efi'''.
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** Replace '''/boot/efi''' with the location of the mounted ESP. If
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'''efibootmgr''' was selected during the package selection phase, grub-install
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will automatically create a boot entry and make it active.
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** Run @@grub-mkconfig > /boot/grub/grub.cfg@@, or
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[[#grubcfg-manually|create a config file by hand]].
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* GRUB, in legacy (non-UEFI) boot mode:
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** Install grub2 into the Master Boot Record using the command
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'''grub-install /dev/sd??'''.
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** Replace '''/dev/sd??''' with the actual node of the device whose Master Boot
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Record you want to overwrite, eg., '''/dev/sda''' for the first SATA disk.
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** Run @@grub-mkconfig > /boot/grub/grub.cfg@@, or
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[[#grubcfg-manually|create a config file by hand]].
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** @@grub-mkconfig@@'s output can be altered by setting variables in a
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configuration file, '''/etc/default/grub'''. This file is NOT created by
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default and is not required, but is useful for customizing the video
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resolution and grub menu colors without crafting a '''grub.cfg''' by hand.
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For more information, see the GRUB manual at
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[[http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/]].
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* For legacy boot (not UEFI):
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** Install grub2 into the Master Boot Record using the command
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'''grub-install /dev/sd??'''.
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-->Replace '''/dev/sd??''' with the actual node of the device whose Master Boot
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Record you want to overwrite, eg., '''/dev/sda''' for the first SATA disk.
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* For UEFI booting:
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** Install grub2 into the ESP using the command '''grub-install /boot/efi'''.
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-->Replace '''/boot/efi''' with the location of the mounted ESP. If
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'''efibootmgr''' was selected during the package selection phase grub-install
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will automatically create a boot entry and make it active.
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** Check that the ESP now contains the grub bootloader, and that an entry
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for the grub bootloader now appears in the EFI variables.
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* SYSLINUX, in UEFI boot mode:
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** Copy the bootloader code from %fn%/usr/share/syslinux%% to the mounted
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EFI system partition, specifically the subdirectory %fn%EFI/BOOT%%, which
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most UEFI implementations will search by default. (In this example the ESP
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is assumed to be mounted at %fn%/boot/efi%%)
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[@
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$ ls /boot/efi/
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$ efibootmgr
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$ mkdir -p /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT
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$ cd /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT
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$ cp /usr/src/linux-5.15.55/arch/x86/boot/bzImage vmlinuz-5.15.55
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$ cp /usr/share/syslinux/efi64/ldlinux.e64 .
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$ cp /usr/share/syslinux/efi64/syslinux.efi BOOTX64.EFI
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@]
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** Saving a copy of %fn%syslinux.efi%% to the more generic name
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%fn%BOOTX64.EFI%% helps avoid the extra step of customizing boot entries
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with @@efibootmgr@@.
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** If you choose a different mountpoint for the EFI partition, adjust the
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@@mkdir@@ and @@cd@@ commands accordingly (UEFI itself is completely
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agnostic about mountpoints specified in %fn%/etc/fstab).
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** Proceed to [[#syslinux-cfg|write a syslinux configuration file]], keeping
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in mind where you saved the kernel image.
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* SYSLINUX, in legacy (non-UEFI) boot mode:
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** Create a syslinux directory on a vfat or ext2/3/4-formatted partition,
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and populate it with the kernel and bootloader. '''Assuming that %fn%/boot%% is
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on a partition marked bootable''', you can do:
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[@
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$ mkdir /boot/syslinux
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$ cd /boot/syslinux
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$ cp /usr/share/syslinux/ldlinux.c32 .
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$ cp /usr/src/linux-5.15.55/arch/x86/boot/bzImage ../vmlinuz-5.15.55
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$ extlinux --install /boot/syslinux
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@]
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** Replacing %fn%/boot/syslinux%% in the above commands with
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%fn%/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT%% will make it easy to toggle between legacy and UEFI
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boot modes.
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** Next, overwrite the contents of the master boot record (MBR) with the
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binary blob appropriate for your partition type (%fn%gptmbr.bin%% in the
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case of GPT/GUID partitioning, or %fn%mbr.bin%% in the case of DOS
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partitioning).
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[@
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$ PTYPE=$(fdisk -l /dev/sda | grep "^Disklabel type" | cut -d " " -f3)
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$ [ "$PTYPE" = "gpt" ] && BINBLOB=gptmbr.bin || BINBLOB=mbr.bin
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$ dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/usr/share/syslinux/$BINBLOB of=/dev/sda
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@]
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** Proceed to write a syslinux configuration file, keeping in mind where you
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saved the kernel image.
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[[#syslinux-cfg]] Template for a SYSLINUX configuration file
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If you select SYSLINUX as your bootloader, you need to tell it where
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to find your kernel and the root filesystem.
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SYSLINUX interprets relative paths to the kernel in reference to the
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%fn%syslinux.cfg%% file. In the template below, suppose @@extlinux@@
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assigned %fn%/boot/syslinux%% as the preferred location for
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%fn%syslinux.cfg%%, and a copy of the kernel was saved in the parent
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directory as %fn%/boot/vmlinuz-5.15.55%%. The relative path therefore
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begins with %fn%../% .
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[@
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cat <<EOF > syslinux.cfg
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DEFAULT CRUX-3.7
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PROMPT 1
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TIMEOUT 10
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LABEL CRUX-3.7
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SAY "Now booting into CRUX"
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KERNEL ../vmlinuz-5.15.55
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APPEND root=/dev/sda2 rw quiet
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EOF
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@]
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-->More information about UEFI and other boot loader/manager options can be
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found in the CRUX wiki at [[https://crux.nu/Wiki/UEFI]].
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