forked from pifty/tutes-dump
940 lines
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HTML
940 lines
32 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>Emacs Tutorial</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="muse.el">
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content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Emacs Tutorial</h1>
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<!-- Page published by Emacs Muse begins here -->
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<div class="contents">
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<dl>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec1">Getting Started</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec2">Basic Commands</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec3">Getting Help</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec4">Extended Commands and Command Completion</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec5">Kill & Yank (Cut/Copy and Paste)</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec6">Search & Replace</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec7">Emacs Modes</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec8">Buffers</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec9">Windows</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec10">Dired Mode</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec11">Shell Modes</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec12">Emacs Startup and Configuration</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec13">Browsing the Web in Emacs with w3m</a>
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</dt>
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<dt>
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<a href="#sec14">Where to Go From Here</a>
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</dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<h2><a name="sec1" id="sec1"></a>
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Getting Started</h2>
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<p class="first">Emacs is an extensible, customizable, full-screen text editor. You can
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learn enough to be productive in Emacs in 30 minutes, but there is
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enough to learn about Emacs to keep you busy for years. The goal of
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this tutorial is to show you enough so that you are comfortable using
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Emacs as a work environment, not just as a text editor. This document
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refers to GNU Emacs version 24 (the version installed on SDF).</p>
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<p>Start by typing <code>emacs</code> at the shell prompt, read the splash screen and
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hit any key to clear it. You'll be in a so-called <em>scratch buffer</em>. A
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<em>buffer</em> is a place in Emacs that usually contains the text of a file
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for editing (but can contain other text, like error messages, command
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output or directory contents). Anyway, the scratch buffer is just that
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- a place to scratch notes or otherwise put temporary snippets of text
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you don't care to save. When you exit Emacs, the contents of the
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scratch buffer are discarded.</p>
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<p>You will see a white or grey line at the bottom of the Emacs window,
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with some information displayed like the name of the buffer or file
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you are viewing, the line number your cursor is on, and whether or not
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the current buffer has been modified (indicated by two asterisks to
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the left of the buffer name). This is called the <em>modeline</em>. Like
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everything else in Emacs, what is displayed in the modeline is
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configurable, but the defaults should work fine for most people.</p>
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<p>Just below the modeline is a blank line called the <em>echo area</em> or
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<em>minibuffer</em>. The minibuffer is used when Emacs has to gather data from
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the user, like which filename to edit, or when Emacs has to display
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information to the user, like error messages. You will also see Emacs
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command sequences echoed here as you type them.</p>
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<h2><a name="sec2" id="sec2"></a>
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Basic Commands</h2>
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<p class="first">Emacs is a non-modal editor, meaning when you have a file loaded into
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a buffer, you can type text and it will appear directly in the
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buffer. You don't need to be in a special insert mode as in vi. That
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also means cursor movement and other text manipulation commands are
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not mapped to single alphabetic characters as in vi. Commands in Emacs
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are typically entered with a two- or three-key sequence, either
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Control- or Alt- followed by a one- or two-key sequence. The Control
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key in the Emacs documentation is denoted by "C" and Alt by "M" (Emacs
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documentation refers to the Alt key as Meta, hence the "M". The Esc
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key on most keyboards acts as an Alt or Meta key as well). For
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example, to quit Emacs, you type <code>C-x C-c</code>, meaning you hold down the
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Control key, hit the "x" key and release it, then hit the "c" key and
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release it. To move up a screenfull of text, you type <code>M-v</code>, meaning
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hold down the Alt key and type "v". With that in mind, here are a few
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useful key sequences:</p>
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<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>C-x C-f</td>
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<td>Find file and load into buffer (Emacs prompts for filename)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-x C-s</td>
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<td>Save the current buffer</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-x C-w</td>
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<td>Save the current buffer under a different name (Emacs prompts for the new name)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-x C-c</td>
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<td>Quit Emacs, prompting if you have not saved any buffers</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Arrow keys or C-f, C-b, C-n, C-p</td>
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<td>Right (forward), left (back), down (next), up (previous), respectively</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-k</td>
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<td>Delete from cursor to end of line</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-a</td>
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<td>Go to start of line</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-e</td>
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<td>Go to end of line</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-v</td>
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<td>Go down a page</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>M-v</td>
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<td>Go up a page</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-/</td>
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<td>Undo</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-_</td>
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<td>Undo (alias for C-/)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-x u</td>
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<td>Undo (alias for C-/)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-g</td>
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<td>Abort the current command</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-l</td>
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<td>Redraw and center screen at cursor</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>M-<</td>
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<td>Go to start of buffer</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>M-></td>
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<td>Go to end of buffer</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Backspace</td>
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<td>Delete previous character</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2><a name="sec3" id="sec3"></a>
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Getting Help</h2>
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<p class="first">GNU Emacs has excellent help facilities. Most of them are accessed
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with the prefix <code>C-h</code>. The Emacs tutorial is an interactive introduction
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you can work through fairly quickly to learn the most common key
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bindings. <code>C-h i</code> accesses the GNU hypertext info browser from within
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Emacs, displaying system info pages (including the Emacs manual
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itself). Here are some of the help-related key bindings:</p>
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<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>C-h t</td>
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<td>Emacs tutorial</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-h i</td>
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<td>Load info browser</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-h m</td>
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<td>Display help on current mode</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-h f</td>
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<td>Display help on function (Emacs prompts for function)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-h k</td>
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<td>Display help on key (Emacs prompts for key)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>M-x man</td>
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<td>Display a man page in a new buffer (Emacs prompts for man page)</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2><a name="sec4" id="sec4"></a>
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Extended Commands and Command Completion</h2>
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<p class="first">Emacs has the concept of <em>extended commands</em>, which consist of <code>M-x</code>
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followed by the name of the command. As an example of a useful
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extended command, sometimes the backspace key gets mapped to C-h (I
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find this happens sometimes under remote screen sessions, you'll know
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this is the case if you hit the backspace key twice and the emacs help
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buffer pops up, just hit <code>C-g</code> to clear the help window). To get the
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backspace key to act as it should (i.e., it deletes the previous
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character), you enter <code>M-x normal-erase-is-backspace-mode</code>. That's a lot
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to type, so you can take advantage of Emacs' <em>command-completion</em> by
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typing a partial command and hitting the <code>Tab</code> key one or more times. In
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this case, you type <code>M-x normal-e</code> and hit <code>Tab</code>, and Emacs will complete
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the command for you. You can then just hit <code>Enter</code> to execute the
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command. If you don't type enough of the command to make it unique,
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Emacs will display a list of alternatives for you to choose from. For
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example, if you type <code>M-x normal-</code> and hit the <code>Tab</code> key, Emacs will pop
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up a buffer named *Completion* with with two
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alternatives for you to choose from: normal-mode and
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mormal-erase-is-backspace-mode. Just type a bit more of the command
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you want and hit tab again to narrow the completion list or to
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complete the command if it is the only one left.</p>
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<h2><a name="sec5" id="sec5"></a>
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Kill & Yank (Cut/Copy and Paste)</h2>
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<p class="first">Most Emacs commands operate on the region defined by the <em>point</em>, which
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is the location of the cursor at any given time, and the <em>mark</em>, which
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is set with the command <code>C-space</code>. To copy or cut a region of text, move
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the cursor to the start of the text area you are interested in and
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type <code>C-space</code>. You will see "Mark set" in the echo area. Now move the
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cursor to the end of the text region (which moves the point) and type
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<code>M-w</code> for copy or <code>C-w</code> for cut (both called killing text). The text you
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copy or cut is stored by Emacs in the <em>kill-ring</em>, which is a circular
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buffer that stores the text snippets you kill in a last-in-first-out
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order. To paste the most recently stored text, move the cursor to
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where the text should be inserted, and type <code>C-y</code>. The "y" stands for
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yank, what you'll see paste referred to in the Emacs help
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documentation (remember Emacs pre-dated modern windowing systems and
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other full-screen editors, so the terms cut and paste were not in use
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yet). After a yank (<code>C-y</code>) command, you can replace the inserted text
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with earlier kills in turn by typing <code>M-y</code> one or more times. Each time
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you press <code>M-y</code> the next block of killed text is popped off of the kill
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ring and inserted into your buffer, replacing the last insert at the
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same time.</p>
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<p>Here are the commands we discussed above, and a few other useful ones:</p>
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<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>C-space</td>
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<td>Set the mark</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-w</td>
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<td>Cut (kill)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>M-w</td>
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<td>Copy (kill)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-y</td>
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<td>Paste (yank)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>M-y</td>
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<td>Paste (yank) next saved selection</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-x h</td>
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<td>Set point to start of buffer and mark to end of buffer (select the entire buffer)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-x C-x</td>
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<td>Go back to the last mark that was set</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2><a name="sec6" id="sec6"></a>
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Search & Replace</h2>
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<p class="first">Emacs has a nice search mode called <em>incremental search</em>. To use it,
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type <code>C-s</code>. The text "I-search:" will appear in the echo area. Now
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start typing a search string. As you type, Emacs will search for your
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string in real-time (starting at point), highlighting any matches it
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finds. You can backspace and re-type text, and the search will
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continue to change with the text you type. When you find a match, you
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can hit <code>C-s</code> to search again and jump to the next match, or you can
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just hit <code>Enter</code> to exit the search mode and leave the cursor at the
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last match. <code>C-g</code> will abort the search and put your cursor back where
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you started. Searches will re-start at the top of a buffer if they hit
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the bottom. You can search backwards in a similar fashion with <code>C-r</code>.</p>
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<p>To replace text that matches a search pattern, type <code>M-%</code>. You'll see
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"Query replace:" in the echo area. Type a search string, and hit
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<code>Enter</code>. The echo area will now display "Query replace <search string>
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with:". Type the replacement string, and hit <code>Enter</code> again. Emacs will
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search through your buffer, looking for the search string. When it
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finds it, it will display "Query replacing <search string> with
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<replacement string>: (? for help)". Type "y" to replace this match
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and move onto the next, or "n" to skip this match. Type "!" to replace
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this occurrence of the search string and all other occurrences in your
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buffer without prompting. As usual, you can type <code>C-g</code> to abort a
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search/replace operation.</p>
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<p>All searches in Emacs are case-insensitive by default, unless you type
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at least one capital letter in your search string - in that case, the
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search becomes case-sensitive.</p>
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<p>One nice feature you'll notice is that Emacs remembers the search and
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replacement strings you've used, so if you type <code>M-%</code> again, the last
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search/replace operation can be repeated by just hitting the <code>Enter</code>
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key. Prior search and replacement strings can be accessed with up- or
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down-arrow keys or <code>M-p</code> and <code>M-n</code> (for previous- and next-,
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respectively) - this is like the history mechanism in the Bash shell.</p>
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<p>Another nice tip during searches is that <code>C-w</code> will highlight the word
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around the cursor, then successive words each time it's pressed during
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a search (so the highlighted area will grow with each press of
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<code>C-w</code>). You can search again by typing <code>C-s</code>, this time the search
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string is whatever was highlighted.</p>
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<p>Here are the search and replace commands we discussed:</p>
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<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>C-s</td>
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<td>Search forward</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-r</td>
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<td>Search backward</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>M-%</td>
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<td>Search and replace</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-g</td>
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<td>Abort a search</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>C-w</td>
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<td>During a search, highlight the word around the cursor</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Up, down arrow keys or M-p, M-n</td>
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<td>Access search string history</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2><a name="sec7" id="sec7"></a>
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Emacs Modes</h2>
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<p class="first">Emacs buffers are associated with one so-called <em>major mode</em> and one or
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more <em>minor modes</em>. Major modes typically denote a type of file, and are
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associated with special command sequences and syntax highlighting just
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for that file type. Minor modes change the behavior of an associated
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major mode in small ways. For example, the major mode for editing text
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is called text-mode, while the one for editing HTML is called
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html-mode. Both text and html modes have a minor mode called
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refill-mode that automatically formats paragraphs of text as you type
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(similar to the behavior you expect from a word processor). You can
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switch modes by just typing <code>M-x modename</code>, so <code>M-x html-mode</code> would
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switch you into html-mode. Emacs can usually figure out the mode to
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use by the file extension, so if you visit (load with <code>C-x C-f</code>) a file
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ending in .html or .htm, html-mode will be selected for you, and if
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you visit a file ending in .txt, text mode will be selected.</p>
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<p>As an example, say you want to create a new text document. You type
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<code>C-x C-f foo.txt</code> and Emacs creates an empty buffer for you named
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"foo.txt". Notice the modeline displays "(Text)" to indicate the major
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mode. Now type <code>M-x refi</code> and hit the Tab key. Emacs will complete
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"refill-mode". Hit enter, now the modeline displays "(Text Refill)" to
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indicate the major and minor modes in effect. Experiment with refill
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mode by typing some text and watch as Emacs wraps the lines for
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you. Now go back and add or delete some text and notice how the
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paragraph re-formats itself. Modes toggle on and off, so a second <code>M-x
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refill-mode</code> will turn refilling off. Type some text and notice Emacs
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no longer wraps lines or formats paragraphs for you. The mode for
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buffers not associated with any special file type is called
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fundamental-mode. This is the mode your scratch buffer is put in at
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startup.</p>
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<p>There are lots of Emacs major modes, many of which are useful for
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programmers. There is c-mode, perl-mode, and c++-mode, for
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example. Each mode has its own key bindings and syntax highlighting
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rules. You can see the details of the currently selected major mode by
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|
typing <code>C-h m</code>. To enable syntax highlighting on a source-code file,
|
|
you can type <code>M-x global-font-lock-mode</code> (on some operating systems,
|
|
packaged versions of Emacs will enable font lock [syntax highlighting]
|
|
for you automatically).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>As an example of special key bindings, in html-mode, the key sequence
|
|
<code>C-c C-c h</code> will insert a properly formatted hyperlink into the text,
|
|
prompting you for the URL first. In other modes this key sequence will
|
|
have no effect.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Here are some of the most useful mode commands:</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-x modename</td>
|
|
<td>Toggle the given major or minor mode</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-h m</td>
|
|
<td>Display help on the current major mode, including any special key bindings in effect</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-q</td>
|
|
<td>Used in text-mode to reformat a paragraph of text manually</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-x global-font-lock-mode</td>
|
|
<td>Toggle syntax highlighting</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sec8" id="sec8"></a>
|
|
Buffers</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p class="first">When you visit a file with <code>C-x C-f</code>, Emacs loads the file into a new
|
|
buffer created just for that file. Existing buffers are not destroyed,
|
|
but persist and can be switched to with <code>C-x b</code>. Emacs will prompt you
|
|
for a buffer name to switch to; tab-completion works here as it does
|
|
in other places. One tip that I wish I had known when I first started
|
|
using Emacs is to use a special mode called <em>iswitch mode</em> to help
|
|
manage buffers. Since it's not uncommon to have dozens of buffers in
|
|
an Emacs editing session, you can easily forget buffer names. With
|
|
iswitch mode enabled, a <code>C-x b</code> displays a list of buffers in the echo
|
|
area that changes in real-time as you type characters. You don't even
|
|
have to type the first few letters of a buffer name, any substring of
|
|
a buffer name will do. To enable iswitch mode, type the extended
|
|
command <code>M-x iswitchb-mode</code> (we'll see later how to permanently enable
|
|
modes like this in a startup file). To see a list of all buffers, type
|
|
<code>C-x C-b</code>. The buffer list will appear in a new window. Here is a list
|
|
of some useful buffer commands:</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x b</td>
|
|
<td>Switch to another buffer</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x C-b</td>
|
|
<td>Display buffer list</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x k</td>
|
|
<td>Kill current buffer (Emacs prompts for confirmation)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-x iswitchb-mode</td>
|
|
<td>Enable iswitch mode, for smart buffer name completion with C-x b</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sec9" id="sec9"></a>
|
|
Windows</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p class="first">The Emacs screen area can be divided into multiple <em>windows</em>. Each
|
|
window contains one buffer, so the contents of a window can change
|
|
depending on the buffer it contains. The most common way to create new
|
|
windows is to split the screen into two regions with <code>C-x 2</code> or <code>C-x
|
|
3</code>. The first splits the screen in half horizontally, the second splits
|
|
it vertically. Any Emacs window can be split multiple times, so if you
|
|
have a large display, you could have lots of windows open. You can
|
|
cycle through visible windows with <code>C-x o</code> (think of the "o" as meaning
|
|
"other window"). When you do have another window open, it's sometimes
|
|
useful to scroll the other window without leaving your current
|
|
one. You can do this with <code>C-M-v</code>. This is particularly useful for when
|
|
Emacs pops up a completion or help buffer in a new window that you
|
|
would like to scroll through.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>You can close a window with <code>C-x 0</code> or <code>C-x 1</code>. The first closes the
|
|
window you are currently in, the second closes all the other windows,
|
|
but leaves the window you are currently in open for you. Closing a
|
|
window does not destroy the buffer it contains, so you can think of a
|
|
window as a view into a buffer (in fact you can have multiple windows
|
|
visiting different parts of the same buffer). Here is a list of the
|
|
most useful window commands:</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x 0</td>
|
|
<td>Close this window</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x 1</td>
|
|
<td>Close all other visible windows</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x 2</td>
|
|
<td>Split horizontally</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x 3</td>
|
|
<td>Split vertically</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-x o</td>
|
|
<td>Switch to other window</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-M-v</td>
|
|
<td>Scroll other window</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sec10" id="sec10"></a>
|
|
Dired Mode</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p class="first">If you type the name of a directory after a <code>C-x C-f</code> command, Emacs
|
|
will display the directory contents in a new buffer. By default, Emacs
|
|
displays the file name, permissions, owner/group, size and timestamp
|
|
of each file on a line by itself. You can visit a file by just moving
|
|
the cursor to it and hitting <code>Enter</code>. Dired mode is unlike other modes
|
|
in that single keys are used to effect commands. Here is a list of the
|
|
most useful dired commands:</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Left, right arrow keys or p, n</td>
|
|
<td>Previous and next file, respectively</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Enter</td>
|
|
<td>Visit this file in this window</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>o</td>
|
|
<td>Visit this file in a new window</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>g</td>
|
|
<td>Refresh directory view</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>m</td>
|
|
<td>Mark file</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>u</td>
|
|
<td>Un-mark file</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>d</td>
|
|
<td>Mark a file for later deletion</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
<td>Delete all files marked for deletion (Emacs prompts for confirmation)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>D</td>
|
|
<td>Delete this file right now (Emacs prompts for confirmation)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C</td>
|
|
<td>Copy this file, or copy currently marked files (Emacs prompts for destination)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>R</td>
|
|
<td>Rename/move this file, or rename/move currently marked files (Emacs prompts for destination)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M</td>
|
|
<td>Chmod this file, or chmod currently marked files (Emacs prompts for new permissions)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>O</td>
|
|
<td>Chown this file, or chown currently marked files (Emacs prompts for new owner)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>G</td>
|
|
<td>Chgrp this file, or chgrp currently marked files (Emacs prompts for new group)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>+</td>
|
|
<td>Create directory (Emacs prompts for directory name)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>!</td>
|
|
<td>Execute shell command on this file, or currently marked files (Emacs prompts for command)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sec11" id="sec11"></a>
|
|
Shell Modes</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p class="first">It is possible to run a shell from within Emacs; there are a few
|
|
different ways to do so. The easiest way is to type <code>M-x shell</code>. This
|
|
creates a a buffer called *shell* with a shell
|
|
prompt. Shell commands you type are sent to a system shell and the
|
|
output displayed in the shell buffer. One thing you'll notice in shell
|
|
mode is that the arrow keys move you around the buffer - they don't
|
|
access command history as they do in most shells. To access command
|
|
history, use <code>M-p</code> and <code>M-n</code> for previous and next, respectively.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>One of the drawbacks of shell-mode is that it is not suitable for
|
|
full-screen applications (like less, lynx, mutt or pine), to run these
|
|
inside of Emacs, you need to use a terminal mode. Type <code>M-x ansi-term</code>,
|
|
and specify which shell you would like to run (your default will be
|
|
the shell you are using, e.g. <code>/usr/pkg/bin/bash</code>).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>On platforms without an underlying shell (e.g., Windows), Emacs has a
|
|
terminal emulator written entirely in Emacs Lisp. To enter it, type
|
|
<code>M-x eshell</code>. While not suitable for full-screen applications, it does
|
|
emulate a limited subset of shell features rather nicely. In this
|
|
shell mode, the arrow keys work as you would expect, and most shell
|
|
builtins and shell aliases work as well. Some external commands such
|
|
as grep work, although input/output redirection is not yet
|
|
implemented.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Here are the commands we discussed above:</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-x shell</td>
|
|
<td>Shell mode, use M-p and M-n for command history</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-x eshell</td>
|
|
<td>Emacs Lisp shell emulator, use arrow keys for command history</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-x ansi-term</td>
|
|
<td>Full terminal emulator, suitable for full-screen applications.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sec12" id="sec12"></a>
|
|
Emacs Startup and Configuration</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p class="first">When Emacs starts it will load a file named <code>.emacs</code> in your home
|
|
directory and execute the commands found in it. This file is written
|
|
in Emacs Lisp, but you can use it without knowing any Lisp, by copying
|
|
other people's sample files. It is mainly useful for making certain
|
|
extended commands a permanent part of your Emacs experience, so you
|
|
don't have to type them every time you start Emacs. In the example
|
|
below, comment lines start with one or more semi-colons, so you would
|
|
delete the semi-colons to enable the given feature.</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="example">
|
|
;; Sample ~/.emacs file
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Un-comment what you want to enable and re-start Emacs
|
|
;;
|
|
;;Load iswitch mode
|
|
;;(require 'iswitchb)
|
|
|
|
;;Make text mode the default for new buffers
|
|
;;(setq default-major-mode 'text-mode)
|
|
|
|
;;Turn on refill-mode whenever text mode is entered
|
|
;;(add-hook 'text-mode-hook
|
|
;; '(lambda () (refill-mode 1)))
|
|
|
|
;;Enable syntax highlighting when it's allowed
|
|
;;(when (fboundp 'global-font-lock-mode)
|
|
;; (global-font-lock-mode t))
|
|
|
|
;;Fix the backspace key
|
|
;;(normal-erase-is-backspace-mode 1)
|
|
|
|
;;Use cperl-mode for editing Perl code, it is better than perl-mode
|
|
;;(defalias 'perl-mode 'cperl-mode)
|
|
|
|
;;Don't blink my cursor, please
|
|
;;(blink-cursor-mode nil)
|
|
|
|
;;Display the current time in the modeline
|
|
;;(display-time-mode t)
|
|
|
|
;;Start the emacs server
|
|
;;
|
|
;;When this is running, programs calling emacsclient open a buffer
|
|
;;in the already running emacs. Useful in mutt or pine for composing
|
|
;;mail in Emacs. Type C-x # to exit client buffer and send the text
|
|
;;back to the application that called it.
|
|
;;(server-start)
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>The above example gives you a good idea of what can be done in a
|
|
<code>.emacs</code> file, for more in-depth configuration Emacs has a customization
|
|
mode that can be accessed with the extended command <code>M-x
|
|
customize</code>. Running it will put you in a curses-style application where
|
|
you can choose from customization menus and have your changes written
|
|
to your <code>.emacs</code> file automatically.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sec13" id="sec13"></a>
|
|
Browsing the Web in Emacs with w3m</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/w3m/files/">Emacs w3m mode</a> will use the excellent <a href="http://w3m.sourceforge.net">w3m</a> text-mode browser and allow you to
|
|
surf the web in an Emacs buffer. To get started, add the following to your
|
|
<code>.emacs</code> file:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="example">
|
|
(require 'w3m-load)
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>Then restart emacs, or place the cursor at the end of each line in turn and
|
|
press <code>C-x e</code>. Then you can open a new w3m buffer with <code>M-x w3m</code>. The basic key
|
|
bindings are as follows (note that these are taken from the w3m-mode help
|
|
page, which can be accessed at any time in a new window with <code>C-h m</code>):</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="muse-table" border="2" cellpadding="5">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-x w3m</td>
|
|
<td>Start browsing web with emacs-w3m.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>q</td>
|
|
<td>Close all emacs-w3m windows, without deleting buffers.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Q</td>
|
|
<td>Exit browsing web. All emacs-w3m buffers will be deleted.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>RET</td>
|
|
<td>Display the page pointed to by the link under point.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>C-c C-c</td>
|
|
<td>Submit the form at point.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>R</td>
|
|
<td>Reload the current page.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>r</td>
|
|
<td>Redisplay the current page.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>TAB</td>
|
|
<td>Move the point to the next anchor.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-TAB</td>
|
|
<td>Move the point to the previous anchor.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>B</td>
|
|
<td>Move back to the previous page in the history.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>N</td>
|
|
<td>Move forward to the next page in the history.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>U</td>
|
|
<td>Visit the web page.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>H</td>
|
|
<td>Go to the Home page.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-d</td>
|
|
<td>Download the URL.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>d</td>
|
|
<td>Download the URL under point.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>\</td>
|
|
<td>Display the html source of the current page.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>SPC</td>
|
|
<td>Scroll up the current window, or go to the next page.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>b</td>
|
|
<td>Scroll down the current window, or go to the previous page.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>></td>
|
|
<td>Scroll to the left.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><</td>
|
|
<td>Scroll to the right.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>.</td>
|
|
<td>Shift to the left.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>,</td>
|
|
<td>Shift to the right.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-l</td>
|
|
<td>Recenter horizontally.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>j</td>
|
|
<td>Next line.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>k</td>
|
|
<td>Previous line.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>l</td>
|
|
<td>Forward char.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>h</td>
|
|
<td>Backward char.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>s</td>
|
|
<td>Display the history of pages you have visited in the session.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>S</td>
|
|
<td>Prompt for a search query and submit it to google.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>v</td>
|
|
<td>Display the bookmarks list.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
<td>Add a url of the current page to a new bookmark.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>M-a</td>
|
|
<td>Add the url under point to a new bookmark.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are many more features in w3m-mode, the mode help text details them
|
|
all with keybindings. To end your session and close all w3m buffers, just
|
|
press <code>Q</code> and answer <code>y</code> when prompted.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sec14" id="sec14"></a>
|
|
Where to Go From Here</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p class="first">Below are some links to resources and useful Emacs Lisp packages. Many Linux
|
|
and BSD-based operating systems have packages for most of these, so check
|
|
there before you attempt to install by hand:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/tour/">Emacs Tour</a>: Guided tour of GNU Emacs with lots of screenshots.</li>
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<li><a href="http://mwolson.org/projects/EmacsMuse.html">Muse</a>: A publishing and authoring environment that converts simple text markup into HTML, PDF, Texinfo, Docbook, LaTeX, Blosxom blog entries and more. This tutorial was written using muse-mode.</li>
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<li><a href="http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki">Emacs Wiki</a>: Loads of tips and howtos.
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<p>$Id: emacs-tutorial.html,v 1.17 2015/04/30 11:30:50 slugmax Exp $</p>
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