365 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
365 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
! Installing CRUX
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!! Supported Hardware / Requirements
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Packages on the official CRUX ISO image are compiled with optimization for
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x86-64 (AMD Athlon 64, Intel Core, Intel Atom) or newer processors. Do not try
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to install it on an i686 (Pentium-Pro, Celeron, Pentium-III) or lower processor,
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since it simply will not work.
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A minimum of 768MB system memory is required to install CRUX from a CD-ROM or
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removable flash drive. It is possible to perform a custom chroot installation
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with only 16MB of RAM.
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The kernel used during installation, i.e. when booting from the CRUX ISO image
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(El Torito), is compiled with the following disk controllers and USB support:
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||cellpadding="3" rules="all" frame="box"
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||! Subsystem ||! Driver(s) included in bootkernel ||
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||PATA/IDE||ALi, AMD/Nvidia, ARTOP 6210/6260, ATI, CMD64x, CS5510/30/35/36, Cypress CY82C693, EFAR SLC90E66, HPT 34x/36x/37x, ITE 8211/12/13, JMicron, Marvell, NETCELL Revolution, Ninja32/Delkin, Nat Semi NS8741x, Intel PIIX/SCH/MPIIX, OPTI FireStar/621x, Promise, RADISYS 82600, SC1200, SERVERWORKS OSB4/CSB5/CSB6/HT1000, CMD / Silicon Image 680, SiS, Compaq Triflex, VIA, Winbond SL82C105, ISA Plug & Play, PC Tech RZ1000, Generic||
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||SATA||AHCI, Intel ESB/ICH/PIIX, Initio 162x, Silicon Image/Silicon Image 31xx, Pacific Digital ADMA/QStor, Promise SX4/TX2/TX4, Marvell, Nvidia, SiS 180/96x, Broadcom/ServerWorks/Apple K2, ULi, VIA, Vitesse VSC7174/Intel 31244||
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||SCSI/SAS||3Ware 5/6/7/8/9xxx, HP Smart Array, 7000FASST, ACARD, Adaptec AHA15xx/28xx, Adaptec AACRAID, Adaptec AIC7xxx/79xx/94xx, Adaptec I20, Marvell 88SE64xx/94xx, Advansys, Always IN2000, ARECA 11xx/12xx/13xx/16xx, LSI Logic New/Legacy/MegaRAID/MPT, HighPoint RocketRAID 3xxx/4xxx, BusLogic, VMware PVSCSI, DMX3191D, DTC 3x80, EATA, Future Domain 16xx/Adaptec AHA2920A, Intel/ICP, IBM ServeRAID/Power Linux, Initio 9100U/INI-A100U2W, NCR53c406a, Promise SuperTrak EX, SYM53C8xx, PAS16, Qlogic FAS, Qlogic QLA 1xxxx/2xxx, Qlogic ISP 4xxx/82xx, Emulex LightPulse FC, Symbios 53c416, Tekram DCxxx, Trantor Txxx, UltraStor, UltraStor 14F/34F||
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||USB||EHCI HCD (USB 2.0) support, UHCI (Intel PIIX4, VIA, ...) support, OHCI (Compaq, iMacs, OPTi, SiS, ALi, ...) support, USB Mass Storage support, USB Human Interface Device (full HID) support, HID input layer support||
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In order to install CRUX, your disk controller must be present in the list
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above. If your hardware is not supported or you have other problems installing
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CRUX, you might find a solution in the [[https://crux.nu/Wiki/HomePage | CRUX wiki]].
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!! [[#InstallingFromCD-ROM]] Installing From optical medium or removable flash drive
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Download the CRUX ISO image (%fn%crux-3.7.iso%%). To ensure that the download
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was successful, examine its checksum.
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$ shasum -a 256 crux-3.7.iso
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Compare the output with the file %fn%crux-3.7.sha256%%, which can be found
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in the same directory as the ISO image on the download site. If the
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checksums match, the download was successful and you can continue by burning
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the ISO image to a DVD or writing it to a removable flash drive.
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* The ISO image is bootable. After making sure that your BIOS gives priority
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to optical drives or flash drives, just insert the newly-written DVD or
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removable flash drive and reboot your computer. Press @@Enter@@ at the
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boot prompt (you might have to adjust the @@root=@@ parameter, depending
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on your hardware configuration).
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* You will be logged in as '''root''' on tty1 ('''root''' has no password set).
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* Create (if necessary) and format the partition(s) you want CRUX to be
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installed on. Remember the choice you make for the filesystems (especially
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root)! The driver for your chosen filesystem must be compiled into your
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Linux kernel, or included on an initramfs.
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$ fdisk /dev/sd?
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$ mkfs.???? /dev/sd??
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$ mkswap /dev/sd??
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->%lfloat% http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->''Please keep in mind that SATA harddisks are usually detected as SCSI
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devices. The first SATA disk is called ''%fn%/dev/sda%%'' instead of
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''%fn%/dev/hda%%''. For more information about harddisk naming conventions
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please refer to the
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[[http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/devices.html | Linux Partition HOWTO]].''
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The amount of disk space required depends on how many packages are selected to
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install. It is recommended to have at least a 1G root partition (CRUX will use
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about 200MB-500MB, depending on your configuration).
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The amount of swap space required depends on several factors, including whether
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you intend to use hibernation or build new packages in RAM.
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For more information about how memory is handled by modern Linux kernels, please
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refer to [[https://chrisdown.name/2018/01/02/in-defence-of-swap.html | In Defense of Swap]].
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->%lfloat% http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note: UEFI'''[[]]
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->For UEFI installation a GPT disklabel and an EFI system partition (ESP) are
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required in most cases. The ESP does not need to be very large (100MiB for
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example) and should be formatted with a FAT32 filesystem and flagged as
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bootable. When using UEFI the boot loader/manager will be installed in the ESP
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rather than the traditional method of installation into the Master Boot Record
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(MBR).
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'''Note: MBR'''[[]]
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->If your BIOS does not support UEFI boot mode (or you have disabled it in
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favor of legacy MBR mode), then you do not need to create a separate small
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partition for EFI loaders or kernel images. One large partition for %fn%%/%%
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is enough in such cases, and GRUB should be able to find a Linux kernel
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saved in the subdirectory %fn%/boot%%. But selecting SYSLINUX for your
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bootloader will require you to flag as bootable whichever partition contains
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%fn%syslinux.cfg%%. See [[#syslinux-install | "SYSLINUX installation" ]] in
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the Appendix for details.
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CRUX supports all the filesystems supported as root filesystems by the Linux
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kernel: btrfs, ext2, ext3, ext4, JFS, reiserfs and XFS.
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Further, it is highly recommended to separate the system data from user data,
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i.e. use a separate partition for %fn%/home%% (and possibly %fn%/var%%) since
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that will make your life a lot easier the day you want to upgrade, reinstall or
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remove your system.
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->%lfloat% http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->''Make sure the appropriate userspace filesystem tools are installed.
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xfsprogs, btrfs-progs, jfsutils and reiserfsprogs can be found in the opt
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repository.''
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->%lfloat% http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->''Make sure that any BIOS Virus Protection option is DISABLED as this option
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may prevent '''fdisk''' from writing new partitions correctly.''
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* Mount the partition on which you want to install this distribution.
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$ mount /dev/sd?? /mnt
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If you want the installation to span more than one partition, mount those
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partitions as well. For example, if you want to have a different partition for
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%fn%/home%% or %fn%/var%%, then do:
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$ mkdir /mnt/var
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$ mount /dev/sd?? /mnt/var
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* Activate your swap partition(s).
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$ swapon /dev/sd??
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* Type '''setup''' to start the package installation script. The script will ask
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where you mounted your new root partition and which packages you want to
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install. Select the packages you wish to install; it is recommended to install
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all the packages from %fn%core%%.
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->%lfloat% http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note: UEFI'''[[]]
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->''If installing a UEFI system make sure to select the '''efibootmgr''' package
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from the '''opt''' collection during the package selection phase.''
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'''efibootmgr''' would be installed automatically during dependency resolution
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if you chose ''grub2-efi'' as your boot loader, but it's a good idea to start
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your CRUX experience paying close attention to the administrative tools you'll
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be using.
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'''Note: initramfs'''[[]]
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->''If you plan to build a modular kernel, remember to select the '''dracut'''
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package from the '''opt''' collection.''
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After the packages have finished installing, the '''setup''' script will display
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an installation log. Make sure the last line in the log says @@“0 error(s)”@@.
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If you missed or forgot to install certain packages, you can just mount the CRUX
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installation medium and use '''pkgadd''' to install them.
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[[http://crux.nu/doc/screenshots.html | Screenshots of setup]]
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* Now it's time to compile your kernel and do basic system configuration. The
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kernel compilation requires that you “chroot” into your new CRUX
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installation.
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->''There is a shortcut command for creating the chroot environment:
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%fn%setup-chroot%%. This will execute all these steps at once.''
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$ mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
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$ mount --bind /tmp /mnt/tmp
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$ mount --bind /run /mnt/run
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$ mount -t proc proc /mnt/proc
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$ mount -t sysfs none /mnt/sys
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$ mount -t devpts -o noexec,nosuid,gid=tty,mode=0620 devpts /mnt/dev/pts
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(UEFI only) $ mount --bind /sys/firmware/efi/efivars /mnt/sys/firmware/efi/efivars
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$ chroot /mnt /bin/bash
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* Set the root password.
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$ passwd
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* Edit %fn%/etc/fstab%% to configure your filesystem(s). Editors '''vim''' and
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'''nano''' are available. The fstab installed by the '''setup''' script includes
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the most commonly-used mountpoints (commented out, of course), which can be used
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as a reference when customizing fstab for your partition scheme.
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-> '''udev''' ''reads files in'' %fn%/sys/*%% ''and'' %fn%/proc/*%%. ''Make sure
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that those pseudo filesystems are enabled in your kernel configuration and
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available during system-startup. Also note that udev doesn't automatically
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mount'' %fn%/dev/pts%%. ''Terminal applications such as'' '''xterm(1)''' ''will
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not work if you forget to mount it. We highly recommend you check that your
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%fn%fstab%% contains the following line:''
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-> [@# dev> mountpoint> type> options> dump> pass>
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[..]
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devpts /dev/pts devpts noexec,nosuid,gid=tty,mode=0620 0 0
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@]
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* Edit %fn%/etc/rc.conf%% to configure font, keyboard, timezone, hostname and
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services. See Section [[#ConfigurationVariables | "Configuration Variables in /etc/rc.conf"]]
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for details about %fn%/etc/rc.conf%%.
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* Generate locales for your system. See section [[#LocaleGeneration| "Generating locales"]] for more information.
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* Edit %fn%/etc/rc.d/net%%, %fn%/etc/hosts%% and %fn%/etc/resolv.conf%% to
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configure your network (ip-address/gateway/hostname/domain/dns).
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* Go to %fn%/usr/src/linux-5.15.x%%, configure and compile a new kernel.
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[[#KernelBuildingNotes]]
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->Make sure to include drivers needed to bring up your root filesystem!
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Unless you also create an initramfs with '''dracut''', ''these drivers must be
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built-in and not kernel modules''. Look for sections titled "SCSI disk
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support", "partition types", and "disk controller" when configuring your
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kernel. For example:
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* CONFIG_SATA_AHCI=y
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* CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SD=y
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* CONFIG_EXT4_FS=y
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->The setup program installs a configuration file
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%fn%/usr/src/linux-5.15.x/.config%% which is a good starting point for a
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custom kernel, because all needed options, like CONFIG_DEVTMPFS, are
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enabled.
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$ cd /usr/src/linux-5.15.x
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$ make menuconfig
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$ make all
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$ make modules_install
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->A user-contributed example of a modular kernel has been provided if you want
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to boot a kernel that can tell you the exact set of modules needed for your
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particular hardware, or if you find it too daunting to navigate through the
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interface of the @@make menuconfig@@ step. Look under %fn%/kernel/contrib%% on
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the live media to find this %fn%.config%% file.
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[[#BootLoader-Setup]] Installing a Bootloader
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-->If you plan to use syslinux as your bootloader, skip ahead to
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[[#syslinux-install | "syslinux installation notes"]] in the appendix of this
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document. Otherwise, proceed with '''grub-install''' according to the
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instructions below.
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First place a copy of the newly-compiled kernel in a standard location,
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named so that it will be detected by %fn%grub-mkconfig%%. For example,
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%fn%grub-mkconfig%% will be able to recognize '''/boot/vmlinuz-5.x''' as
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a valid kernel image, but '''NOT''' a file named '''/boot/linuxkernel-5.x'''.
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[@
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$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.55-1
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$ cp System.map /boot
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$ grub-mkconfig > /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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@]
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grub-mkconfig's output can be altered by setting variables in a
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configuration file, '''/etc/default/grub'''. This file is NOT created by
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default and is not required, but is useful for customizing the video
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resolution and grub menu colors without crafting a '''grub.cfg''' by hand.
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For more information, see the GRUB manual at
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[[http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/]].
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* For legacy boot (not UEFI):
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** Install grub2 into the Master Boot Record using the command
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'''grub-install /dev/sd??'''.
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-->Replace '''/dev/sd??''' with the actual node of the device whose Master Boot
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Record you want to overwrite, eg., '''/dev/sda''' for the first SATA disk.
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* For UEFI booting:
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** Install grub2 into the ESP using the command '''grub-install /boot/efi'''.
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-->Replace '''/boot/efi''' with the location of the mounted ESP. If
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'''efibootmgr''' was selected during the package selection phase grub-install
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will automatically create a boot entry and make it active.
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** Check that the ESP now contains the grub bootloader, and that an entry
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for the grub bootloader now appears in the EFI variables.
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[@
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$ ls /boot/efi/
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$ efibootmgr
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@]
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-->More information about UEFI and other boot loader/manager options can be
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found in the CRUX wiki at [[https://crux.nu/Wiki/UEFI]].
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* Remove the CRUX installation media from your computer and reboot from harddisk.
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!! Upgrading From DVD-ROM or removable flash drive
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Download the CRUX ISO image (%fn%crux-3.7.iso%%). To ensure that the download
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was successful, examine its checksum.
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$ shasum -a 256 crux-3.7.iso
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Compare the output with the file %fn%crux-3.7.sha256%%, which can be found in
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the same directory as the ISO image on the download site. If the checksums
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match, the download was successful and you can continue by burning the ISO image
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to a DVD or writing it to a removable flash drive.
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* The ISO image is bootable. After making sure that your BIOS gives priority to
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optical drives or flash drives, just insert the newly-written DVD or removable
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flash drive and reboot your computer. Press @@Enter@@ at the boot prompt (you
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might have to adjust the @@root=@@ parameter, depending on your hardware
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configuration).
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* You will be logged in as '''root''' on tty1 ('''root''' has no password set).
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* Mount your CRUX root partition.
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$ mount /dev/sd?? /mnt
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If your installation spans over more than one partition, mount these partitions
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as well. For example, if you have a different partition for %fn%/var%%, then
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do:
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$ mount /dev/sd?? /mnt/var
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* Activate your swap partition(s).
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$ swapon /dev/sd??
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* Type '''setup''' to start the package installation script. The script will ask
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you where you mounted your root partition and which packages you want to
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upgrade. To avoid running into trouble (e.g. a new version of some library
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isn't 100% backwards compatible), it is a good idea to upgrade all packages.
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->''The '''setup''' script uses the %fn%/etc/pkgadd.conf%% of the target system
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to determine which files to upgrade, and which files not to upgrade. The files
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that are not upgraded are put in %fn%/var/lib/pkg/rejected/%% (Section
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[[#UpgradingaPackage | "Upgrading a Package"]]).''
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When the '''setup''' script has upgraded the selected packages an upgrade log
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will be displayed. Make sure the last line in the log says @@“0
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error(s)”@@. If you missed/forgot to install certain packages, you can
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just mount the CRUX installation media and use '''pkgadd''' to install them
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(e.g. '''pkgadd /mnt/crux/opt/package#1.0-1.pkg.tar.gz''').
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* The already-built kernel from your previous CRUX installation might not be
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compatible with the newly-upgraded %fn%linux-firmware%% package. To be safe,
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you're advised to “chroot” into your CRUX installation and compile
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a fresh kernel from the latest source tree.
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->%lfloat%http://crux.nu/doc/images/note.png
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'''Note'''[[]]
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->''There is a shortcut command for creating the chroot environment:
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%fn%setup-chroot%%. This will execute all these steps at once.''
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$ mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
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$ mount --bind /tmp /mnt/tmp
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$ mount --bind /run /mnt/run
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$ mount -t proc proc /mnt/proc
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$ mount -t sysfs none /mnt/sys
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$ mount -t devpts -o noexec,nosuid,gid=tty,mode=0620 devpts /mnt/dev/pts
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(UEFI only) $ mount --bind /sys/firmware/efi/efivars /mnt/sys/firmware/efi/efivars
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$ chroot /mnt /bin/bash
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* Generate locales for your system. See section [[#LocaleGeneration| "Generating locales"]] for more information.
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* Go to %fn%/usr/src/linux-5.15.x%%, configure and compile a new kernel. See the
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[[#KernelBuildingNotes| kernel building notes]] from the "Install" section
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for some reminders of how that is done.
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* Adjust %fn%/etc/fstab%% to reflect any changes made to your partition
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scheme since your earlier installation of CRUX. In particular,
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%fn%/var/run%% should not appear as a mountpoint, since this is now a
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symlink to %fn%/run%% starting with CRUX 3.7. See the notes about
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%fn%fstab%% in the [[#InstallingFromCD-ROM| "Installing"]] section for other
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general recommendations.
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Finish the upgrade by [[#BootLoader-Setup | "Installing a Bootloader"]], and
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then you should be able to login to your upgraded CRUX system after
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rebooting.
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