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* doc/guix-cookbook.texi: Use @lisp for Scheme snippets instead of "@example scheme". This allows for syntax highlighting of the HTML output.
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1211 lines
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\input texinfo
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@c -*-texinfo-*-
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@c %**start of header
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@setfilename guix-cookbook.info
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@documentencoding UTF-8
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@settitle GNU Guix Cookbook
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@c %**end of header
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@copying
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Copyright @copyright{} 2019 Ricardo Wurmus@*
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Copyright @copyright{} 2019 Efraim Flashner@*
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Copyright @copyright{} 2019 Pierre Neidhardt@*
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
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copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free
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Documentation License''.
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@end copying
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@dircategory System administration
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@direntry
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* Guix cookbook: (guix-cookbook). Tutorials and examples for GNU Guix.
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@end direntry
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@titlepage
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@title GNU Guix Cookbook
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@subtitle Tutorials and examples for using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager
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@author The GNU Guix Developers
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@page
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@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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@insertcopying
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@end titlepage
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@contents
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@c *********************************************************************
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@node Top
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@top GNU Guix Cookbook
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This document presents tutorials and detailed examples for GNU@tie{}Guix, a
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functional package management tool written for the GNU system. Please
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@pxref{Top,,, guix, GNU Guix reference manual} for details about the system,
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its API, and related concepts.
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@c TRANSLATORS: You can replace the following paragraph with information on
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@c how to join your own translation team and how to report issues with the
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@c translation.
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If you would like to translate this document in your native language, consider
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joining the @uref{https://translationproject.org/domain/guix-cookbook.html,
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Translation Project}.
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@menu
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* Scheme tutorials:: Meet your new favorite language!
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* Packaging:: Packaging tutorials
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* System Configuration:: Customizing the GNU System
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* Advanced package management:: Power to the users!
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* Acknowledgments:: Thanks!
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* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license of this document.
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* Concept Index:: Concepts.
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@detailmenu
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--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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Scheme tutorials
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* A Scheme Crash Course:: Learn the basics of Scheme
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Packaging
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* Packaging Tutorial:: Let's add a package to Guix!
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System Configuration
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* Customizing the Kernel:: Creating and using a custom Linux kernel
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@end detailmenu
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@end menu
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@c *********************************************************************
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@node Scheme tutorials
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@chapter Scheme tutorials
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GNU@tie{}Guix is written in the general purpose programming language Scheme,
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and many of its features can be accessed and manipulated programmatically.
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You can use Scheme to generate package definitions, to modify them, to build
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them, to deploy whole operating systems, etc.
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Knowing the basics of how to program in Scheme will unlock many of the
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advanced features Guix provides --- and you don't even need to be an
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experienced programmer to use them!
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Let's get started!
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@node A Scheme Crash Course
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@section A Scheme Crash Course
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@cindex Scheme, crash course
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Guix uses the Guile implementation of Scheme. To start playing with the
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language, install it with @code{guix install guile} and start a
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@uref{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop,
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REPL} by running @code{guile} from the command line.
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Alternatively you can also run @code{guix environment --ad-hoc guile -- guile}
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if you'd rather not have Guile installed in your user profile.
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In the following examples we use the @code{>} symbol to denote the REPL
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prompt, that is, the line reserved for user input. @xref{Using Guile
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Interactively,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}) for more details on the
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REPL.
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@itemize
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@item
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Scheme syntax boils down to a tree of expressions (or @emph{s-expression} in
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Lisp lingo). An expression can be a literal such as numbers and strings, or a
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compound which is a parenthesized list of compounds and literals. @code{#t}
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and @code{#f} stand for the booleans "true" and "false", respectively.
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Examples of valid expressions:
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@lisp
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> "Hello World!"
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"Hello World!"
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> 17
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17
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> (display (string-append "Hello " "Guix" "\n"))
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"Hello Guix!"
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@end lisp
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@item
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This last example is a function call nested in another function call. When a
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parenthesized expression is evaluated, the first term is the function and the
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rest are the arguments passed to the function. Every function returns the
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last evaluated expression as its return value.
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@item
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Anonymous functions are declared with the @code{lambda} term:
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@lisp
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> (lambda (x) (* x x))
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#<procedure 120e348 at <unknown port>:24:0 (x)>
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@end lisp
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The above procedure returns the square of its argument. Since everything is
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an expression, the @code{lambda} expression returns an anonymous procedure,
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which can in turn be applied to an argument:
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@lisp
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> ((lambda (x) (* x x)) 3)
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9
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@end lisp
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@item
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Anything can be assigned a global name with @code{define}:
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@lisp
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> (define a 3)
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> (define square (lambda (x) (* x x)))
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> (square a)
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9
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@end lisp
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@item
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Procedures can be defined more concisely with the following syntax:
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@lisp
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(define (square x) (* x x))
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@end lisp
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@item
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A list structure can be created with the @code{list} procedure:
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@lisp
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> (list 2 a 5 7)
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(2 3 5 7)
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@end lisp
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@item
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The @emph{quote} disables evaluation of a parenthesized expression: the first
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term is not called over the other terms. Thus it effectively returns a list
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of terms.
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@lisp
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> '(display (string-append "Hello " "Guix" "\n"))
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(display (string-append "Hello " "Guix" "\n"))
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> '(2 a 5 7)
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(2 a 5 7)
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@end lisp
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@item
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The @emph{quasiquote} disables evaluation of a parenthesized expression until
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a comma re-enables it. Thus it provides us with fine-grained control over
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what is evaluated and what is not.
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@lisp
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> `(2 a 5 7 (2 ,a 5 ,(+ a 4)))
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(2 a 5 7 (2 3 5 7))
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@end lisp
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Note that the above result is a list of mixed elements: numbers, symbols (here
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@code{a}) and the last element is a list itself.
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@item
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Multiple variables can be named locally with @code{let}:
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@lisp
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> (define x 10)
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> (let ((x 2)
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(y 3))
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(list x y))
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(2 3)
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> x
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10
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> y
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ERROR: In procedure module-lookup: Unbound variable: y
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@end lisp
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Use @code{let*} to allow later variable declarations to refer to earlier
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definitions.
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@lisp
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> (let* ((x 2)
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(y (* x 3)))
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(list x y))
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(2 6)
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@end lisp
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@item
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The keyword syntax is @code{#:}; it is used to create unique identifiers.
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@pxref{Keywords,,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}.
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@item
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The percentage @code{%} is typically used for read-only global variables in
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the build stage. Note that it is merely a convention, like @code{_} in C.
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Scheme treats @code{%} exactly the same as any other letter.
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@item
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Modules are created with @code{define-module}. For instance
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@lisp
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(define-module (guix build-system ruby)
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#:use-module (guix store)
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#:export (ruby-build
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ruby-build-system))
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@end lisp
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defines the module @code{guix build-system ruby} which must be located in
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@file{guix/build-system/ruby.scm} somewhere in the Guile load path. It
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depends on the @code{(guix store)} module and it exports two variables,
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@code{ruby-build} and @code{ruby-build-system}.
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@end itemize
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For a more detailed introduction, check out
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@uref{http://www.troubleshooters.com/codecorn/scheme_guile/hello.htm, Scheme
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at a Glance}, by Steve Litt.
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One of the reference Scheme books is the seminal ``Structure and
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Interpretation of Computer Programs'', by Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay
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Sussman, with Julie Sussman. You'll find a
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@uref{https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/sicp/index.html, free copy
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online}, together with
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@uref{https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-001-structure-and-interpretation-of-computer-programs-spring-2005/video-lectures/,
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videos of the lectures by the authors}. The book is available in Texinfo
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format as the @code{sicp} Guix package. Go ahead, run @code{guix install
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sicp} and start reading with @code{info sicp} (or with the Emacs Info reader).
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An @uref{https://sarabander.github.io/sicp/, unofficial ebook is also
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available}.
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You'll find more books, tutorials and other resources at
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@url{https://schemers.org/}.
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@c *********************************************************************
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@node Packaging
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@chapter Packaging
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@cindex packaging
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This chapter is dedicated to teaching you how to add packages to the
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collection of packages that come with GNU Guix. This involves writing package
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definitions in Guile Scheme, organizing them in package modules, and building
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them.
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@menu
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* Packaging Tutorial:: A tutorial on how to add packages to Guix.
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@end menu
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@node Packaging Tutorial
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@section Packaging Tutorial
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GNU Guix stands out as the @emph{hackable} package manager, mostly because it
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uses @uref{https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/, GNU Guile}, a powerful
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high-level programming language, one of the
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@uref{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_%28programming_language%29, Scheme}
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dialects from the
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@uref{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_%28programming_language%29, Lisp family}.
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Package definitions are also written in Scheme, which empowers Guix in some
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very unique ways, unlike most other package managers that use shell scripts or
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simple languages.
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@itemize
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@item
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Use functions, structures, macros and all of Scheme expressiveness for your
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package definitions.
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@item
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Inheritance makes it easy to customize a package by inheriting from it and
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modifying only what is needed.
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@item
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Batch processing: the whole package collection can be parsed, filtered and
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processed. Building a headless server with all graphical interfaces stripped
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out? It's possible. Want to rebuild everything from source using specific
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compiler optimization flags? Pass the @code{#:make-flags "..."} argument to
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the list of packages. It wouldn't be a stretch to think
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@uref{https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/USE_flag, Gentoo USE flags} here, but this
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goes even further: the changes don't have to be thought out beforehand by the
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packager, they can be @emph{programmed} by the user!
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@end itemize
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The following tutorial covers all the basics around package creation with Guix.
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It does not assume much knowledge of the Guix system nor of the Lisp language.
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The reader is only expected to be familiar with the command line and to have some
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basic programming knowledge.
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@subsection A "Hello World" package
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The “Defining Packages” section of the manual introduces the basics of Guix
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packaging (@pxref{Defining Packages,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual}). In
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the following section, we will partly go over those basics again.
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``GNU hello'' is a dummy project that serves as an idiomatic example for
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packaging. It uses the GNU build system (@code{./configure && make && make
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install}). Guix already provides a package definition which is a perfect
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example to start with. You can look up its declaration with @code{guix edit
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hello} from the command line. Let's see how it looks:
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@lisp
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(define-public hello
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(package
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(name "hello")
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(version "2.10")
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(source (origin
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(method url-fetch)
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(uri (string-append "mirror://gnu/hello/hello-" version
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".tar.gz"))
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(sha256
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(base32
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"0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i"))))
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(build-system gnu-build-system)
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(synopsis "Hello, GNU world: An example GNU package")
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(description
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"GNU Hello prints the message \"Hello, world!\" and then exits. It
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serves as an example of standard GNU coding practices. As such, it supports
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command-line arguments, multiple languages, and so on.")
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(home-page "https://www.gnu.org/software/hello/")
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(license gpl3+)))
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@end lisp
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As you can see, most of it is rather straightforward. But let's review the
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fields together:
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@table @samp
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@item name
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The project name. Using Scheme conventions, we prefer to keep it
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lower case, without underscore and using dash-separated words.
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@item source
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This field contains a description of the source code origin. The
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@code{origin} record contains these fields:
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@enumerate
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@item The method, here @code{url-fetch} to download via HTTP/FTP, but other methods
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exist, such as @code{git-fetch} for Git repositories.
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@item The URI, which is typically some @code{https://} location for @code{url-fetch}. Here
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the special `mirror://gnu` refers to a set of well known locations, all of
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which can be used by Guix to fetch the source, should some of them fail.
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@item The @code{sha256} checksum of the requested file. This is essential to ensure
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the source is not corrupted. Note that Guix works with base32 strings,
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hence the call to the @code{base32} function.
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@end enumerate
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@item build-system
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This is where the power of abstraction provided by the Scheme language really
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shines: in this case, the @code{gnu-build-system} abstracts away the famous
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@code{./configure && make && make install} shell invocations. Other build
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systems include the @code{trivial-build-system} which does not do anything and
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requires from the packager to program all the build steps, the
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@code{python-build-system}, the @code{emacs-build-system}, and many more
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(@pxref{Build Systems,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual}).
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@item synopsis
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It should be a concise summary of what the package does. For many packages a
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tagline from the project's home page can be used as the synopsis.
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@item description
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Same as for the synopsis, it's fine to re-use the project description from the
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homepage. Note that Guix uses Texinfo syntax.
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@item home-page
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Use HTTPS if available.
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@item license
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See @code{guix/licenses.scm} in the project source for a full list of
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available licenses.
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@end table
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Time to build our first package! Nothing fancy here for now: we will stick to a
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dummy "my-hello", a copy of the above declaration.
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As with the ritualistic "Hello World" taught with most programming languages,
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this will possibly be the most "manual" approach. We will work out an ideal
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setup later; for now we will go the simplest route.
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Save the following to a file @file{my-hello.scm}.
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@lisp
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(use-modules (guix packages)
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(guix download)
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(guix build-system gnu)
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(guix licenses))
|
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(package
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(name "my-hello")
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(version "2.10")
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(source (origin
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(method url-fetch)
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(uri (string-append "mirror://gnu/hello/hello-" version
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".tar.gz"))
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(sha256
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(base32
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"0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i"))))
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(build-system gnu-build-system)
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(synopsis "Hello, Guix world: An example custom Guix package")
|
|
(description
|
|
"GNU Hello prints the message \"Hello, world!\" and then exits. It
|
|
serves as an example of standard GNU coding practices. As such, it supports
|
|
command-line arguments, multiple languages, and so on.")
|
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(home-page "https://www.gnu.org/software/hello/")
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(license gpl3+))
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@end lisp
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We will explain the extra code in a moment.
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Feel free to play with the different values of the various fields. If you
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change the source, you'll need to update the checksum. Indeed, Guix refuses to
|
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build anything if the given checksum does not match the computed checksum of the
|
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source code. To obtain the correct checksum of the package declaration, we
|
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need to download the source, compute the sha256 checksum and convert it to
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base32.
|
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|
Thankfully, Guix can automate this task for us; all we need is to provide the
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URI:
|
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@c TRANSLATORS: This is example shell output.
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@example sh
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|
$ guix download mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
|
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|
Starting download of /tmp/guix-file.JLYgL7
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From https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz...
|
|
following redirection to `https://mirror.ibcp.fr/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz'...
|
|
…10.tar.gz 709KiB 2.5MiB/s 00:00 [##################] 100.0%
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|
/gnu/store/hbdalsf5lpf01x4dcknwx6xbn6n5km6k-hello-2.10.tar.gz
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0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
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@end example
|
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In this specific case the output tells us which mirror was chosen.
|
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If the result of the above command is not the same as in the above snippet,
|
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update your @code{my-hello} declaration accordingly.
|
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|
|
Note that GNU package tarballs come with an OpenPGP signature, so you
|
|
should definitely check the signature of this tarball with `gpg` to
|
|
authenticate it before going further:
|
|
|
|
@c TRANSLATORS: This is example shell output.
|
|
@example sh
|
|
$ guix download mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz.sig
|
|
|
|
Starting download of /tmp/guix-file.03tFfb
|
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From https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz.sig...
|
|
following redirection to `https://ftp.igh.cnrs.fr/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz.sig'...
|
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….tar.gz.sig 819B 1.2MiB/s 00:00 [##################] 100.0%
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/gnu/store/rzs8wba9ka7grrmgcpfyxvs58mly0sx6-hello-2.10.tar.gz.sig
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0q0v86n3y38z17rl146gdakw9xc4mcscpk8dscs412j22glrv9jf
|
|
$ gpg --verify /gnu/store/rzs8wba9ka7grrmgcpfyxvs58mly0sx6-hello-2.10.tar.gz.sig /gnu/store/hbdalsf5lpf01x4dcknwx6xbn6n5km6k-hello-2.10.tar.gz
|
|
gpg: Signature made Sun 16 Nov 2014 01:08:37 PM CET
|
|
gpg: using RSA key A9553245FDE9B739
|
|
gpg: Good signature from "Sami Kerola <kerolasa@@iki.fi>" [unknown]
|
|
gpg: aka "Sami Kerola (http://www.iki.fi/kerolasa/) <kerolasa@@iki.fi>" [unknown]
|
|
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
|
|
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
|
|
Primary key fingerprint: 8ED3 96E3 7E38 D471 A005 30D3 A955 3245 FDE9 B739
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
You can then happily run
|
|
|
|
@c TRANSLATORS: Do not translate this command
|
|
@example sh
|
|
$ guix package --install-from-file=my-hello.scm
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
You should now have @code{my-hello} in your profile!
|
|
|
|
@c TRANSLATORS: Do not translate this command
|
|
@example sh
|
|
$ guix package --list-installed=my-hello
|
|
my-hello 2.10 out
|
|
/gnu/store/f1db2mfm8syb8qvc357c53slbvf1g9m9-my-hello-2.10
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
We've gone as far as we could without any knowledge of Scheme. Before moving
|
|
on to more complex packages, now is the right time to brush up on your Scheme
|
|
knowledge. @pxref{A Scheme Crash Course} to get up to speed.
|
|
|
|
@c TODO: Continue the tutorial
|
|
|
|
|
|
@c *********************************************************************
|
|
@node System Configuration
|
|
@chapter System Configuration
|
|
|
|
Guix offers a flexible language for declaratively configuring your Guix
|
|
System. This flexibility can at times be overwhelming. The purpose of this
|
|
chapter is to demonstrate some advanced configuration concepts.
|
|
|
|
@pxref{System Configuration,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual} for a complete
|
|
reference.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Customizing the Kernel:: Creating and using a custom Linux kernel on Guix System.
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Customizing the Kernel
|
|
@section Customizing the Kernel
|
|
|
|
Guix is, at its core, a source based distribution with substitutes
|
|
(@pxref{Substitutes,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual}), and as such building
|
|
packages from their source code is an expected part of regular package
|
|
installations and upgrades. Given this starting point, it makes sense that
|
|
efforts are made to reduce the amount of time spent compiling packages, and
|
|
recent changes and upgrades to the building and distribution of substitutes
|
|
continues to be a topic of discussion within Guix.
|
|
|
|
The kernel, while not requiring an overabundance of RAM to build, does take a
|
|
rather long time on an average machine. The official kernel configuration, as
|
|
is the case with many GNU/Linux distributions, errs on the side of
|
|
inclusiveness, and this is really what causes the build to take such a long
|
|
time when the kernel is built from source.
|
|
|
|
The Linux kernel, however, can also just be described as a regular old
|
|
package, and as such can be customized just like any other package. The
|
|
procedure is a little bit different, although this is primarily due to the
|
|
nature of how the package definition is written.
|
|
|
|
The @code{linux-libre} kernel package definition is actually a procedure which
|
|
creates a package.
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
(define* (make-linux-libre version hash supported-systems
|
|
#:key
|
|
;; A function that takes an arch and a variant.
|
|
;; See kernel-config for an example.
|
|
(extra-version #f)
|
|
(configuration-file #f)
|
|
(defconfig "defconfig")
|
|
(extra-options %default-extra-linux-options)
|
|
(patches (list %boot-logo-patch)))
|
|
...)
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
The current @code{linux-libre} package is for the 5.1.x series, and is
|
|
declared like this:
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
(define-public linux-libre
|
|
(make-linux-libre %linux-libre-version
|
|
%linux-libre-hash
|
|
'("x86_64-linux" "i686-linux" "armhf-linux" "aarch64-linux")
|
|
#:patches %linux-libre-5.1-patches
|
|
#:configuration-file kernel-config))
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
Any keys which are not assigned values inherit their default value from the
|
|
@code{make-linux-libre} definition. When comparing the two snippets above,
|
|
you may notice that the code comment in the first doesn't actually refer to
|
|
the @code{#:extra-version} keyword; it is actually for
|
|
@code{#:configuration-file}. Because of this, it is not actually easy to
|
|
include a custom kernel configuration from the definition, but don't worry,
|
|
there are other ways to work with what we do have.
|
|
|
|
There are two ways to create a kernel with a custom kernel configuration. The
|
|
first is to provide a standard @file{.config} file during the build process by
|
|
including an actual @file{.config} file as a native input to our custom
|
|
kernel. The following is a snippet from the custom @code{'configure} phase of
|
|
the @code{make-linux-libre} package definition:
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
(let ((build (assoc-ref %standard-phases 'build))
|
|
(config (assoc-ref (or native-inputs inputs) "kconfig")))
|
|
|
|
;; Use a custom kernel configuration file or a default
|
|
;; configuration file.
|
|
(if config
|
|
(begin
|
|
(copy-file config ".config")
|
|
(chmod ".config" #o666))
|
|
(invoke "make" ,defconfig))
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
Below is a sample kernel package. The @code{linux-libre} package is nothing
|
|
special and can be inherited from and have its fields overridden like any
|
|
other package:
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
(define-public linux-libre/E2140
|
|
(package
|
|
(inherit linux-libre)
|
|
(native-inputs
|
|
`(("kconfig" ,(local-file "E2140.config"))
|
|
,@@(alist-delete "kconfig"
|
|
(package-native-inputs linux-libre))))))
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
In the same directory as the file defining @code{linux-libre-E2140} is a file
|
|
named @file{E2140.config}, which is an actual kernel configuration file. The
|
|
@code{defconfig} keyword of @code{make-linux-libre} is left blank here, so the
|
|
only kernel configuration in the package is the one which was included in the
|
|
@code{native-inputs} field.
|
|
|
|
The second way to create a custom kernel is to pass a new value to the
|
|
@code{extra-options} keyword of the @code{make-linux-libre} procedure. The
|
|
@code{extra-options} keyword works with another function defined right below
|
|
it:
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
(define %default-extra-linux-options
|
|
`(;; https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guix-devel/2014-04/msg00039.html
|
|
("CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES" . #t)
|
|
;; Modules required for initrd:
|
|
("CONFIG_NET_9P" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_NET_9P_VIRTIO" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_VIRTIO_BLK" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_VIRTIO_NET" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_VIRTIO_BALLOON" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_VIRTIO_MMIO" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_FUSE_FS" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_CIFS" . m)
|
|
("CONFIG_9P_FS" . m)))
|
|
|
|
(define (config->string options)
|
|
(string-join (map (match-lambda
|
|
((option . 'm)
|
|
(string-append option "=m"))
|
|
((option . #t)
|
|
(string-append option "=y"))
|
|
((option . #f)
|
|
(string-append option "=n")))
|
|
options)
|
|
"\n"))
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
And in the custom configure script from the `make-linux-libre` package:
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
;; Appending works even when the option wasn't in the
|
|
;; file. The last one prevails if duplicated.
|
|
(let ((port (open-file ".config" "a"))
|
|
(extra-configuration ,(config->string extra-options)))
|
|
(display extra-configuration port)
|
|
(close-port port))
|
|
|
|
(invoke "make" "oldconfig"))))
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
So by not providing a configuration-file the @file{.config} starts blank, and
|
|
then we write into it the collection of flags that we want. Here's another
|
|
custom kernel:
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
(define %macbook41-full-config
|
|
(append %macbook41-config-options
|
|
%filesystems
|
|
%efi-support
|
|
%emulation
|
|
(@@@@ (gnu packages linux) %default-extra-linux-options)))
|
|
|
|
(define-public linux-libre-macbook41
|
|
;; XXX: Access the internal 'make-linux-libre' procedure, which is
|
|
;; private and unexported, and is liable to change in the future.
|
|
((@@@@ (gnu packages linux) make-linux-libre) (@@@@ (gnu packages linux) %linux-libre-version)
|
|
(@@@@ (gnu packages linux) %linux-libre-hash)
|
|
'("x86_64-linux")
|
|
#:extra-version "macbook41"
|
|
#:patches (@@@@ (gnu packages linux) %linux-libre-5.1-patches)
|
|
#:extra-options %macbook41-config-options))
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
In the above example @code{%filesystems} is a collection of flags enabling
|
|
different filesystem support, @code{%efi-support} enables EFI support and
|
|
@code{%emulation} enables a x86_64-linux machine to act in 32-bit mode also.
|
|
@code{%default-extra-linux-options} are the ones quoted above, which had to be
|
|
added in since they were replaced in the @code{extra-options} keyword.
|
|
|
|
This all sounds like it should be doable, but how does one even know which
|
|
modules are required for a particular system? Two places that can be helpful
|
|
in trying to answer this question is the
|
|
@uref{https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Handbook:AMD64/Installation/Kernel, Gentoo
|
|
Handbook} and the
|
|
@uref{https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/README.html?highlight=localmodconfig,
|
|
documentation from the kernel itself}. From the kernel documentation, it
|
|
seems that @code{make localmodconfig} is the command we want.
|
|
|
|
In order to actually run @code{make localmodconfig} we first need to get and
|
|
unpack the kernel source code:
|
|
|
|
@example shell
|
|
tar xf $(guix build linux-libre --source)
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Once inside the directory containing the source code run @code{touch .config}
|
|
to create an initial, empty @file{.config} to start with. @code{make
|
|
localmodconfig} works by seeing what you already have in @file{.config} and
|
|
letting you know what you're missing. If the file is blank then you're
|
|
missing everything. The next step is to run:
|
|
|
|
@example shell
|
|
guix environment linux-libre -- make localmodconfig
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
and note the output. Do note that the @file{.config} file is still empty.
|
|
The output generally contains two types of warnings. The first start with
|
|
"WARNING" and can actually be ignored in our case. The second read:
|
|
|
|
@example shell
|
|
module pcspkr did not have configs CONFIG_INPUT_PCSPKR
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
For each of these lines, copy the @code{CONFIG_XXXX_XXXX} portion into the
|
|
@file{.config} in the directory, and append @code{=m}, so in the end it looks
|
|
like this:
|
|
|
|
@example shell
|
|
CONFIG_INPUT_PCSPKR=m
|
|
CONFIG_VIRTIO=m
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
After copying all the configuration options, run @code{make localmodconfig}
|
|
again to make sure that you don't have any output starting with "module".
|
|
After all of these machine specific modules there are a couple more left that
|
|
are also needed. @code{CONFIG_MODULES} is necessary so that you can build and
|
|
load modules separately and not have everything built into the kernel.
|
|
@code{CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SD} is required for reading from hard drives. It is
|
|
possible that there are other modules which you will need.
|
|
|
|
This post does not aim to be a guide to configuring your own kernel however,
|
|
so if you do decide to build a custom kernel you'll have to seek out other
|
|
guides to create a kernel which is just right for your needs.
|
|
|
|
The second way to setup the kernel configuration makes more use of Guix's
|
|
features and allows you to share configuration segments between different
|
|
kernels. For example, all machines using EFI to boot have a number of EFI
|
|
configuration flags that they need. It is likely that all the kernels will
|
|
share a list of filesystems to support. By using variables it is easier to
|
|
see at a glance what features are enabled and to make sure you don't have
|
|
features in one kernel but missing in another.
|
|
|
|
Left undiscussed however, is Guix's initrd and its customization. It is
|
|
likely that you'll need to modify the initrd on a machine using a custom
|
|
kernel, since certain modules which are expected to be built may not be
|
|
available for inclusion into the initrd.
|
|
|
|
@c *********************************************************************
|
|
@node Advanced package management
|
|
@chapter Advanced package management
|
|
|
|
Guix is a functional package manager that offers many features beyond
|
|
what more traditional package managers can do. To the uninitiated,
|
|
those features might not have obvious use cases at first. The purpose
|
|
of this chapter is to demonstrate some advanced package management
|
|
concepts.
|
|
|
|
@pxref{Package Management,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual} for a complete
|
|
reference.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Guix Profiles in Practice:: Strategies for multiple profiles and manifests.
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Guix Profiles in Practice
|
|
@section Guix Profiles in Practice
|
|
|
|
Guix provides a very useful feature that may be quite foreign to newcomers:
|
|
@emph{profiles}. They are a way to group package installations together and all users
|
|
on a same system are free to use as many profiles as they want.
|
|
|
|
Whether you're a developer or not, you may find that multiple profiles bring you
|
|
great power and flexibility. While they shift the paradigm somewhat compared to
|
|
@emph{traditional package managers}, they are very convenient to use once you've
|
|
understood how to set them up.
|
|
|
|
If you are familiar with Python's @samp{virtualenv}, you can think of a profile as a
|
|
kind of universal @samp{virtualenv} that can hold any kind of software whatsoever, not
|
|
just Python software. Furthermore, profiles are self-sufficient: they capture
|
|
all the runtime dependencies which guarantees that all programs within a profile
|
|
will always work at any point in time.
|
|
|
|
Multiple profiles have many benefits:
|
|
|
|
@itemize
|
|
@item
|
|
Clean semantic separation of the various packages a user needs for different contexts.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Multiple profiles can be made available into the environment either on login
|
|
or within a dedicated shell.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Profiles can be loaded on demand. For instance, the user can use multiple
|
|
shells, each of them running different profiles.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Isolation: Programs from one profile will not use programs from the other, and
|
|
they user can even install different versions of the same programs to the two
|
|
profiles without conflict.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Deduplication: Profiles share dependencies that happens to be the exact same.
|
|
This makes multiple profiles storage-efficient.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Reproducible: when used with declarative manifests, a profile can be fully
|
|
specified by the Guix commit that was active when it was set up. This means
|
|
that the exact same profile can be @uref{https://guix.gnu.org/blog/2018/multi-dimensional-transactions-and-rollbacks-oh-my/, set up anywhere, anytime}, with just the
|
|
commit information. See the section on @ref{Reproducible profiles}.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Easier upgrades and maintenance: Multiple profiles make it easy to keep
|
|
package listings at hand and make upgrades completely friction-less.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Concretely, here follows some typical profiles:
|
|
|
|
@itemize
|
|
@item
|
|
The dependencies of a project you are working on.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Your favourite programming language libraries.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Laptop-specific programs (like @samp{powertop}) that you don't need on a desktop.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
@TeX{}live (this one can be really useful when you need to install just one
|
|
package for this one document you've just received over email).
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Games.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Let's dive in the set up!
|
|
|
|
@node Basic setup with manifests
|
|
@subsection Basic setup with manifests
|
|
|
|
A Guix profile can be set up @emph{via} a so-called @emph{manifest specification} that looks like
|
|
this:
|
|
|
|
@lisp
|
|
(specifications->manifest
|
|
'("package-1"
|
|
;; Version 1.3 of package-2.
|
|
"package-2@@1.3"
|
|
;; The "lib" output of package-3.
|
|
"package-3:lib"
|
|
; ...
|
|
"package-N"))
|
|
@end lisp
|
|
|
|
@pxref{Invoking guix package,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual}, for
|
|
the syntax details.
|
|
|
|
We can create a manifest specification per profile and install them this way:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES=$HOME/.guix-extra-profiles
|
|
mkdir -p "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project # if it does not exist yet
|
|
guix package --manifest=/path/to/guix-my-project-manifest.scm --profile="$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project/my-project
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Here we set an arbitrary variable @samp{GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES} to point to the directory
|
|
where we will store our profiles in the rest of this article.
|
|
|
|
Placing all your profiles in a single directory, with each profile getting its
|
|
own sub-directory, is somewhat cleaner. This way, each sub-directory will
|
|
contain all the symlinks for precisely one profile. Besides, "looping over
|
|
profiles" becomes obvious from any programming language (e.g. a shell script) by
|
|
simply looping over the sub-directories of @samp{$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES}.
|
|
|
|
Note that it's also possible to loop over the output of
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
guix package --list-profiles
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
although you'll probably have to filter out @samp{~/.config/guix/current}.
|
|
|
|
To enable all profiles on login, add this to your @samp{~/.bash_profile} (or similar):
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
for i in $GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES/*; do
|
|
profile=$i/$(basename "$i")
|
|
if [ -f "$profile"/etc/profile ]; then
|
|
GUIX_PROFILE="$profile"
|
|
. "$GUIX_PROFILE"/etc/profile
|
|
fi
|
|
unset profile
|
|
done
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Note to Guix System users: the above reflects how your default profile
|
|
@samp{~/.guix-profile} is activated from @samp{/etc/profile}, that latter being loaded by
|
|
@samp{~/.bashrc} by default.
|
|
|
|
You can obviously choose to only enable a subset of them:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
for i in "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project-1 "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project-2; do
|
|
profile=$i/$(basename "$i")
|
|
if [ -f "$profile"/etc/profile ]; then
|
|
GUIX_PROFILE="$profile"
|
|
. "$GUIX_PROFILE"/etc/profile
|
|
fi
|
|
unset profile
|
|
done
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
When a profile is off, it's straightforward to enable it for an individual shell
|
|
without "polluting" the rest of the user session:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
GUIX_PROFILE="path/to/my-project" ; . "$GUIX_PROFILE"/etc/profile
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The key to enabling a profile is to @emph{source} its @samp{etc/profile} file. This file
|
|
contains shell code that exports the right environment variables necessary to
|
|
activate the software contained in the profile. It is built automatically by
|
|
Guix and meant to be sourced.
|
|
It contains the same variables you would get if you ran:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
guix package --search-paths=prefix --profile=$my_profile"
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Once again, see (@pxref{Invoking guix package,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual})
|
|
for the command line options.
|
|
|
|
To upgrade a profile, simply install the manifest again:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
guix package -m /path/to/guix-my-project-manifest.scm -p "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project/my-project
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
To upgrade all profiles, it's easy enough to loop over them. For instance,
|
|
assuming your manifest specifications are stored in
|
|
@samp{~/.guix-manifests/guix-$profile-manifest.scm}, with @samp{$profile} being the name
|
|
of the profile (e.g. "project1"), you could do the following in Bourne shell:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
for profile in "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/*; do
|
|
guix package --profile="$profile" --manifest="$HOME/.guix-manifests/guix-$profile-manifest.scm"
|
|
done
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Each profile has its own generations:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
guix package -p "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project/my-project --list-generations
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
You can roll-back to any generation of a given profile:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
guix package -p "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project/my-project --switch-generations=17
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node Required packages
|
|
@subsection Required packages
|
|
|
|
Activating a profile essentially boils down to exporting a bunch of
|
|
environmental variables. This is the role of the @samp{etc/profile} within the
|
|
profile.
|
|
|
|
@emph{Note: Only the environmental variables of the packages that consume them will
|
|
be set.}
|
|
|
|
For instance, @samp{MANPATH} won't be set if there is no consumer application for man
|
|
pages within the profile. So if you need to transparently access man pages once
|
|
the profile is loaded, you've got two options:
|
|
|
|
@itemize
|
|
@item
|
|
Either export the variable manually, e.g.
|
|
@example
|
|
export MANPATH=/path/to/profile$@{MANPATH:+:@}$MANPATH"
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Or include @samp{man-db} to the profile manifest.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
The same is true for @samp{INFOPATH} (you can install @samp{info-reader}),
|
|
@samp{PKG_CONFIG_PATH} (install @samp{pkg-config}), etc.
|
|
|
|
@node Default profile
|
|
@subsection Default profile
|
|
|
|
What about the default profile that Guix keeps in @samp{~/.guix-profile}?
|
|
|
|
You can assign it the role you want. Typically you would install the manifest
|
|
of the packages you want to use all the time.
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, you could keep it "manifest-less" for throw-away packages
|
|
that you would just use for a couple of days.
|
|
This way makes it convenient to run
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
guix install package-foo
|
|
guix upgrade package-bar
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
without having to specify the path to a profile.
|
|
|
|
@node The benefits of manifests
|
|
@subsection The benefits of manifests
|
|
|
|
Manifests are a convenient way to keep your package lists around and, say,
|
|
to synchronize them across multiple machines using a version control system.
|
|
|
|
A common complaint about manifests is that they can be slow to install when they
|
|
contain large number of packages. This is especially cumbersome when you just
|
|
want get an upgrade for one package within a big manifest.
|
|
|
|
This is one more reason to use multiple profiles, which happen to be just
|
|
perfect to break down manifests into multiple sets of semantically connected
|
|
packages. Using multiple, small profiles provides more flexibility and
|
|
usability.
|
|
|
|
Manifests come with multiple benefits. In particular, they ease maintenance:
|
|
|
|
@itemize
|
|
@item
|
|
When a profile is set up from a manifest, the manifest itself is
|
|
self-sufficient to keep a "package listing" around and reinstall the profile
|
|
later or on a different system. For ad-hoc profiles, we would need to
|
|
generate a manifest specification manually and maintain the package versions
|
|
for the packages that don't use the default version.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
@code{guix package --upgrade} always tries to update the packages that have
|
|
propagated inputs, even if there is nothing to do. Guix manifests remove this
|
|
problem.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
When partially upgrading a profile, conflicts may arise (due to diverging
|
|
dependencies between the updated and the non-updated packages) and they can be
|
|
annoying to resolve manually. Manifests remove this problem altogether since
|
|
all packages are always upgraded at once.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
As mentioned above, manifests allow for reproducible profiles, while the
|
|
imperative @code{guix install}, @code{guix upgrade}, etc. do not, since they produce
|
|
different profiles every time even when they hold the same packages. See
|
|
@uref{https://issues.guix.gnu.org/issue/33285, the related discussion on the matter}.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Manifest specifications are usable by other @samp{guix} commands. For example, you
|
|
can run @code{guix weather -m manifest.scm} to see how many substitutes are
|
|
available, which can help you decide whether you want to try upgrading today
|
|
or wait a while. Another example: you can run @code{guix pack -m manifest.scm} to
|
|
create a pack containing all the packages in the manifest (and their
|
|
transitive references).
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Finally, manifests have a Scheme representation, the @samp{<manifest>} record type.
|
|
They can be manipulated in Scheme and passed to the various Guix @uref{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api, APIs}.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
It's important to understand that while manifests can be used to declare
|
|
profiles, they are not strictly equivalent: profiles have the side effect that
|
|
they "pin" packages in the store, which prevents them from being
|
|
garbage-collected (@pxref{Invoking guix gc,,, guix, GNU Guix Reference Manual})
|
|
and ensures that they will still be available at any point in
|
|
the future.
|
|
|
|
Let's take an example:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
We have an environment for hacking on a project for which there isn't a Guix
|
|
package yet. We build the environment using a manifest, and then run @code{guix
|
|
environment -m manifest.scm}. So far so good.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Many weeks pass and we have run a couple of @code{guix pull} in the mean time.
|
|
Maybe a dependency from our manifest has been updated; or we may have run
|
|
@code{guix gc} and some packages needed by our manifest have been
|
|
garbage-collected.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Eventually, we set to work on that project again, so we run @code{guix environment
|
|
-m manifest.scm}. But now we have to wait for Guix to build and install
|
|
stuff!
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
Ideally, we could spare the rebuild time. And indeed we can, all we need is to
|
|
install the manifest to a profile and use @code{GUIX_PROFILE=/the/profile;
|
|
. "$GUIX_PROFILE"/etc/profile} as explained above: this guarantees that our
|
|
hacking environment will be available at all times.
|
|
|
|
@emph{Security warning:} While keeping old profiles around can be convenient, keep in
|
|
mind that outdated packages may not have received the latest security fixes.
|
|
|
|
@node Reproducible profiles
|
|
@subsection Reproducible profiles
|
|
|
|
To reproduce a profile bit-for-bit, we need two pieces of information:
|
|
|
|
@itemize
|
|
@item
|
|
a manifest,
|
|
@item
|
|
a Guix channel specification.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Indeed, manifests alone might not be enough: different Guix versions (or
|
|
different channels) can produce different outputs for a given manifest.
|
|
|
|
You can output the Guix channel specification with @samp{guix describe
|
|
--format=channels}.
|
|
Save this to a file, say @samp{channel-specs.scm}.
|
|
|
|
On another computer, you can use the channel specification file and the manifest
|
|
to reproduce the exact same profile:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES=$HOME/.guix-extra-profiles
|
|
GUIX_EXTRA=$HOME/.guix-extra
|
|
|
|
mkdir "$GUIX_EXTRA"/my-project
|
|
guix pull --channels=channel-specs.scm --profile "$GUIX_EXTRA/my-project/guix"
|
|
|
|
mkdir -p "$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES/my-project"
|
|
"$GUIX_EXTRA"/my-project/guix/bin/guix package --manifest=/path/to/guix-my-project-manifest.scm --profile="$GUIX_EXTRA_PROFILES"/my-project/my-project
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
It's safe to delete the Guix channel profile you've just installed with the
|
|
channel specification, the project profile does not depend on it.
|
|
|
|
@c *********************************************************************
|
|
@node Acknowledgments
|
|
@chapter Acknowledgments
|
|
|
|
Guix is based on the @uref{https://nixos.org/nix/, Nix package manager},
|
|
which was designed and
|
|
implemented by Eelco Dolstra, with contributions from other people (see
|
|
the @file{nix/AUTHORS} file in Guix.) Nix pioneered functional package
|
|
management, and promoted unprecedented features, such as transactional
|
|
package upgrades and rollbacks, per-user profiles, and referentially
|
|
transparent build processes. Without this work, Guix would not exist.
|
|
|
|
The Nix-based software distributions, Nixpkgs and NixOS, have also been
|
|
an inspiration for Guix.
|
|
|
|
GNU@tie{}Guix itself is a collective work with contributions from a
|
|
number of people. See the @file{AUTHORS} file in Guix for more
|
|
information on these fine people. The @file{THANKS} file lists people
|
|
who have helped by reporting bugs, taking care of the infrastructure,
|
|
providing artwork and themes, making suggestions, and more---thank you!
|
|
|
|
This document includes adapted sections from articles that have previously
|
|
been published on the Guix blog at @uref{https://guix.gnu.org/blog}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
@c *********************************************************************
|
|
@node GNU Free Documentation License
|
|
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
|
|
@cindex license, GNU Free Documentation License
|
|
@include fdl-1.3.texi
|
|
|
|
@c *********************************************************************
|
|
@node Concept Index
|
|
@unnumbered Concept Index
|
|
@printindex cp
|
|
|
|
@bye
|
|
|
|
@c Local Variables:
|
|
@c ispell-local-dictionary: "american";
|
|
@c End:
|