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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 8. International Style</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="jargon.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.61.0"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Jargon File"/><link rel="up" href="pt01.html" title="Part I. Introduction"/><link rel="previous" href="speech-style.html" title="Chapter 7. Hacker Speech Style"/><link rel="next" href="crackers.html" title="Chapter 9. Crackers, Phreaks, and Lamers"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 8. International Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="speech-style.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I. Introduction</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="crackers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="international-style"/>Chapter 8. International Style</h2></div></div><div/></div><p>Although the Jargon File remains primarily a lexicon of hacker usage in
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American English, we have made some effort to get input from abroad. Though
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the hacker-speak of other languages often uses translations of jargon from
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English (often as transmitted to them by earlier Jargon File versions!), the
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local variations are interesting, and knowledge of them may be of some use to
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travelling hackers.</p><p>There are some references herein to ‘Commonwealth hackish’.
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These are intended to describe some variations in hacker usage as reported in
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the English spoken in Great Britain and the Commonwealth (Canada, Australia,
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India, etc. — though Canada is heavily influenced by American usage).
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There is also an entry on <a href="C/Commonwealth-Hackish.html"><i class="glossterm">Commonwealth Hackish</i></a>
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reporting some general phonetic and vocabulary differences from
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U.S. hackish.</p><p>Hackers in Western Europe and (especially) Scandinavia report that they
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often use a mixture of English and their native languages for technical
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conversation. Occasionally they develop idioms in their English usage that
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are influenced by their native-language styles. Some of these are reported
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here.</p><p>On the other hand, English often gives rise to grammatical and
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vocabulary mutations in the native language. For example, Italian hackers
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often use the nonexistent verbs ‘scrollare’ (to scroll) and
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‘deletare’ (to delete) rather than native Italian
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<span class="foreignphrase"><i class="foreignphrase">scorrere</i></span> and
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<span class="foreignphrase"><i class="foreignphrase">cancellare</i></span>. Similarly, the English verb
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‘to hack’ has been seen conjugated in Swedish. In German, many
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Unix terms in English are casually declined as if they were German verbs --
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thus: mount/mounten/gemountet; grep/grepen/gegrept; fork/forken/geforkt; core
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dump/core-dumpen, gecoredumpt. And Spanish-speaking hackers use
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‘linkear’ (to link), ‘debugear’ (to debug), and
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‘lockear’ (to lock).</p><p>European hackers report that this happens partly because the English
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terms make finer distinctions than are available in their native vocabularies,
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and partly because deliberate language-crossing makes for amusing
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wordplay.</p><p>A few notes on hackish usages in Russian have been added where they are
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parallel with English idioms and thus comprehensible to
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English-speakers.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="speech-style.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="pt01.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="crackers.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 7. Hacker Speech Style </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 9. Crackers, Phreaks, and Lamers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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