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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 11. Other Lexicon Conventions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="jargon.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.61.0"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Jargon File"/><link rel="up" href="pt01.html" title="Part I. Introduction"/><link rel="previous" href="pronunciation.html" title="Chapter 10. Pronunciation Guide"/><link rel="next" href="submitting-new-entries.html" title="Chapter 12. Format for New Entries"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 11. Other Lexicon Conventions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pronunciation.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I. Introduction</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="submitting-new-entries.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="conventions"/>Chapter 11. Other Lexicon Conventions</h2></div></div><div/></div><p>Entries are sorted in case-blind ASCII collation order (rather than the
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letter-by-letter order ignoring interword spacing common in mainstream
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dictionaries), except that all entries beginning with nonalphabetic characters
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are sorted before A, except that leading dash is ignored. The case-blindness
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is a feature, not a bug.</p><p>Prefix ** is used as linguists do; to mark examples of incorrect
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usage.</p><p>We follow the ‘logical’ quoting convention described in the
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Writing Style section above. In addition, we reserve double quotes for actual
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excerpts of text or (sometimes invented) speech. Scare quotes (which mark a
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word being used in a nonstandard way), and philosopher's quotes (which turn an
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utterance into the string of letters or words that name it) are both rendered
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with single quotes.</p><p>References such as
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<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">malloc</span>(3)</span>
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and
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<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">patch</span>(1)</span>
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are to Unix facilities (some of which, such as
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<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">patch</span>(1)</span>,
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are actually open source distributed over Usenet). The Unix manuals use
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<tt class="literal">foo(n)</tt> to refer to item foo in section
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(<tt class="literal">n</tt>) of the manual, where
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<tt class="literal">n=1</tt> is utilities,
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<tt class="literal">n=2</tt> is system calls,
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<tt class="literal">n=3</tt> is C library routines,
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<tt class="literal">n=6</tt> is games, and
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<tt class="literal">n=8</tt> (where present) is system administration
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utilities. Sections 4, 5, and 7 of the manuals have changed roles frequently
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and in any case are not referred to in any of the entries.</p><p>Various abbreviations used frequently in the lexicon are summarized
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here:</p><div class="table"><a id="id2894041"/><p class="title"><b>Table 11.1. Abbreviations</b></p><table summary="Abbreviations" border="1"><colgroup><col/><col/></colgroup><thead><tr><th>abbrev.</th><th>abbreviation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>adj.</td><td>adjective</td></tr><tr><td>adv.</td><td>adverb</td></tr><tr><td>alt.</td><td>alternate</td></tr><tr><td>cav.</td><td>caveat</td></tr><tr><td>conj.</td><td>conjunction</td></tr><tr><td>esp.</td><td>especially</td></tr><tr><td>excl.</td><td>exclamation</td></tr><tr><td>imp.</td><td>imperative</td></tr><tr><td>interj.</td><td>interjection</td></tr><tr><td>n.</td><td>noun</td></tr><tr><td>obs.</td><td>obsolete</td></tr><tr><td>pl.</td><td>plural</td></tr><tr><td>poss.</td><td>possibly</td></tr><tr><td>pref.</td><td>prefix</td></tr><tr><td>prob.</td><td>probably</td></tr><tr><td>prov.</td><td>proverbial</td></tr><tr><td>quant.</td><td>quantifier</td></tr><tr><td>suff.</td><td>suffix</td></tr><tr><td>syn.</td><td>synonym (or synonymous with)</td></tr><tr><td>v.</td><td>verb (may be transitive or intransitive)</td></tr><tr><td>var.</td><td>variant</td></tr><tr><td>vi.</td><td>intransitive verb</td></tr><tr><td>vt.</td><td>transitive verb</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Where alternate spellings or pronunciations are given,
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<span class="emphasis"><em>alt.</em></span> separates two possibilities with nearly equal
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distribution, while <span class="emphasis"><em>var.</em></span> prefixes one that is markedly
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less common than the primary.</p><p>Where a term can be attributed to a particular subculture or is known to
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have originated there, we have tried to so indicate. Here is a list of
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abbreviations used in etymologies:</p><div class="table"><a id="id2894287"/><p class="title"><b>Table 11.2. Origins</b></p><table summary="Origins" border="1"><colgroup><col/><col/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Amateur Packet Radio</td><td>A technical culture of ham-radio sites using AX.25 and TCP/IP for
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wide-area networking and BBS systems.</td></tr><tr><td>Berkeley</td><td>University of California at Berkeley</td></tr><tr><td>BBN</td><td>Bolt, Beranek & Newman</td></tr><tr><td>Cambridge</td><td>the university in England (<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the city in Massachusetts where
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MIT happens to be located!)</td></tr><tr><td>CMU</td><td>Carnegie-Mellon University</td></tr><tr><td>Commodore</td><td>Commodore Business Machines</td></tr><tr><td>DEC</td><td>The Digital Equipment Corporation (now HP).</td></tr><tr><td>Fairchild</td><td>The Fairchild Instruments Palo Alto development group</td></tr><tr><td>FidoNet</td><td>See the <a href="F/FidoNet.html"><i class="glossterm">FidoNet</i></a> entry</td></tr><tr><td>IBM</td><td>International Business Machines</td></tr><tr><td>MIT</td><td>Massachusetts Institute of Technology; esp. the legendary MIT AI Lab
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culture of roughly 1971 to 1983 and its feeder groups, including the
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Tech Model Railroad Club</td></tr><tr><td>NRL</td><td>Naval Research Laboratories</td></tr><tr><td>NYU</td><td>New York University</td></tr><tr><td>OED</td><td>The Oxford English Dictionary</td></tr><tr><td>Purdue</td><td>Purdue University</td></tr><tr><td>SAIL</td><td>Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
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(at Stanford University)</td></tr><tr><td>SI</td><td>From <span class="foreignphrase"><i class="foreignphrase">Système
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International</i></span>, the name for the standard abbreviations
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of metric nomenclature used in the sciences</td></tr><tr><td>Stanford</td><td>Stanford University</td></tr><tr><td>Sun</td><td>Sun Microsystems</td></tr><tr><td>TMRC</td><td>Some MITisms go back as far as the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) at
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MIT c. 1960. Material marked TMRC is from <i class="citetitle">An Abridged Dictionary
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of the TMRC Language</i>, originally compiled by Pete Samson
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in 1959</td></tr><tr><td>UCLA</td><td>University of California, Los Angeles</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>the United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern
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Ireland)</td></tr><tr><td>Usenet</td><td>See the <a href="U/Usenet.html"><i class="glossterm">Usenet</i></a> entry</td></tr><tr><td>WPI</td><td>Worcester Polytechnic Institute, site of a very active community of
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PDP-10 hackers during the 1970s</td></tr><tr><td>WWW</td><td>The World-Wide-Web.</td></tr><tr><td>XEROX PARC</td><td>XEROX's Palo Alto Research Center, site of much pioneering research in
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user interface design and networking</td></tr><tr><td>Yale</td><td>Yale University</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Other etymology abbreviations such as <a href="U/Unix.html"><i class="glossterm">Unix</i></a> and
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<a href="P/PDP-10.html"><i class="glossterm">PDP-10</i></a> refer to technical cultures surrounding specific
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operating systems, processors, or other environments. The fact that a term is
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labelled with any one of these abbreviations does not necessarily mean its use
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is confined to that culture. In particular, many terms labelled
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‘MIT’ and ‘Stanford’ are in quite general use. We
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have tried to give some indication of the distribution of speakers in the
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usage notes; however, a number of factors mentioned in the introduction
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conspire to make these indications less definite than might be
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desirable.</p><p>A few new definitions attached to entries are marked [proposed]. These
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are usually generalizations suggested by editors or Usenet respondents in the
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process of commenting on previous definitions of those entries. These are
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<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> represented as established jargon.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pronunciation.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="pt01.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="submitting-new-entries.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 10. Pronunciation Guide </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 12. Format for New Entries</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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