On the criteria for ordering
==============================

I was confused by the documentation for sort's "-d" flag. This confusion
relates to GNU coreutil's locale-specific sort. [^]

Below I discuss sort order differences between different implementations
of sort and of sh "*" for my particular environments.

Sorting with sort
------------
Consider the following two sort commands.

    printf '@ b\n- d\n? a\n~ c\n! e\n' | sort
    printf '@ b\n- d\n? a\n~ c\n! e\n' | sort -d

With BusyBox v1.23.2 on NixOS 15.09, the first of these commands returns
ASCIIbetical order,

    ! e
    - d
    ? a
    @ b
    ~ c

and the second returns dictionary order.

    ? a
    @ b
    ~ c
    - d
    ! e

With GNU coreutils version 8.24 on NixOS, both commands return
dictionary order. The same is true for GNU coreutils version 8.23 on
Debian Wheezy.

    ? a
    @ b
    ~ c
    - d
    ! e

IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition [^^] specifies that the "-d" flag should
enable dictionary order. All of these versions of sort have clear
documentation about the order that should be returned when the "-d" flag
is set, (See --help, man, or info.) and the implementations match the
documentation as far as I can tell.

I have found no explicit documentation from any relevant source as to
what the default sort order should be. On the other hand, they all
suggest that "-d" produces an order different from the default order.

In GNU coreutils 8.24, for example, "-d" is a direction to "consider
only blanks and alphanumeric characters". It lacks any mention that the
"-d" flag has no effect or that it is the default. Furthermore, on my
first reading, I took it to mean that the default is to consider all
characters and that "-d" limits the considered characters to blanks and
alphanumeric characters.


Sorting in *
-------------
I think this is related to the order returned by "*" in sh.
The following sh code creates several files in a directory and then
calls "*", listing them in order.

    printf '@ b\n- d\n? a\n~ c\n! e\n' | while read line; do
      touch -- "${line}"
    done
    for file in *; do echo "$file"; done

On one computer, running FreeBSD, the order is apparently
ASCIIbetical.

    ! e
    - d
    ? a
    @ b
    ~ c

On two GNU systems, running NixOS and Debian, respectively, output is
in dictionary order. I'm not exactly sure what dictionary order is, but
it is something like sorting on the alphabetical characters before
sorting on the rest of the line.

    ? a
    @ b
    ~ c
    - d
    ! e

(I don't really know what dictionary order is, I was able to determine
that the above results are in dictionary order because of my investigation of
incompatible implementations of sort.)

[^] https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/faq/coreutils-faq.html#Sort-does-not-sort-in-normal-order_0021
[^^] http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/