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335 lines
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335 lines
10 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>TOPS-20 Interactive Tutorial</title>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" >
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>TOPS-20 Interactive Tutorial</h1>
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<p>This file is a log of a session with the TOPS-20 interactive
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tutorial on twenex.org. It has been added to the SDF tutorials to make
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the content available on the World-Wide Web, but it is a much more
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effective learning experience to work through the tutorial
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interactively by logging-in to twenex.org and running the TOPS20
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program.</p>
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<h2>Executive Summary</h2>
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<p>The tutorial introduces a number of useful keystroke commands for
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working with in the TOPS-20 EXEC environment.</p>
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<table border=1>
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<tr>
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<td colspan=3>Output control</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^S</td>
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<td>Pause output scrolling</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^Q</td>
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<td>Resume output scrolling</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^O</td>
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<td>Toggle output suppression</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan=3>Command guidance</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>ESC</td>
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<td>Command completion and guide words</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>?</td>
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<td>Expected input guidance</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan=3>Command line editing</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^R</td>
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<td>Retype current line</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>DEL (or BackSpace)</td>
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<td>Erase previous character</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^W</td>
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<td>Erase previous word</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^U</td>
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<td>Erase current line</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan=3>Program status and control</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^T</td>
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<td>Session status</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>^C</td>
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<td>Exit program (may need 2 or more)</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h2>TOPS20 Tutorial Log</h2>
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<pre>
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@tops20
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Following is a brief explanation of some conventions of Tops-20.
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Learning and remembering them will be a great help when exploring the
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facilities on this system. If you are already familiar with Tops-20,
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you should ^C out of this program. If not, you might want to take
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notes.
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The first things you should learn are the control characters ^S and
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^Q. A "control character" is made by striking some letter WHILE
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HOLDING DOWN the control key (marked "CTRL"). They are represented
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in print by putting ^ before the letter. So ^S is made by striking S
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while holding down the CTRL key. (S need not be typed in upper case.)
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^S and ^Q are used to stop and start output (typing) to the terminal.
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This is useful mostly on a CRT (video) terminal, where things you
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want to look at have a habit of going off the top of the screen
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before you can read it.
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^S - stop output temporarily
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^Q - continue stopped output
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A ^S typed by you will be simulated now. (Type ^Q to continue.)
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Very good! It is also possible (but we won't go into how here) to
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have the line set up so that it automatically pauses at the end of an
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uninterrupted page of output. Practice using ^S and ^Q every so
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often throughout this lesson. (Remember: When output stops where you
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wouldn't expect it to, the system is frequently just waiting for a
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^Q.)
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The next concept you should learn is that of ESCAPE and "?". Most
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commands are given with words. You needn't type out the complete
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command. A unique abbreviation is sufficient. After typing the
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abbreviation, an ESCAPE (sometimes called ALTMODE, labeled "ESC" or
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"ALT") will cause the system to type out the rest of the command
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word. This is called recognition.
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ESC - complete an abbreviated command
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Here is an example - type an ESCAPE at the end of this example:
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TOPS20>recogNITION
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Good. See how the system completed the word for you? There is
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another advantage to using ESCAPE for recognition - guide words.
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When you type ESCAPE to recognize a command, the system will often
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supply a hint as to what it wants to see next. These hints, which
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are always typed in parentheses, are called guide words. Try typing
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ESCAPE again and see how it works:
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TOPS20>gUIDE (WORDS)
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Alright! The "(WORDS)" above is an example of a guide word. Guide
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words are also sometimes called noise words. Usually they give some
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hint as to what should come next, as
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TYPE (FILES) - you should give it names of files to type
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LOGIN (USER) - you should type your user name
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Sometimes, though, this doesn't give a big enough hint. If this is
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the case, you can find out what is expected of you next by typing a
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question mark.
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? - show what is expected here
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Ok, now try out using a question mark ("?"). (If the system doesn't
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do anything when you're done, type a carriage return.)
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How do you spell 3? ? one of the following:
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ONE THREE TWO
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How do you spell 3? three
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Ok, next we'll work on changing what you've typed in. First of all,
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sometimes, the line you are entering gets broken or messed up in some
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other way. If you type a ^R, the system will retype the prompt and
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any input you have typed.
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^R - retype the current line
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Here a broken line will be demonstrated. Type a ^R to have it
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redisplayed.
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TOPS20>This line is
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SANTA.CLAUS, TTY45, 23-May-2010 5:41AM
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Have you been good?
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TOPS20>This line is not broken
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There - you see how the line got retyped all in one piece?
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Sometimes, something you typed was not what you meant. There are
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special characters which you can use to edit what you have typed
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already. The first of these is DELETE (which may also be labelled as
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either "DEL", "RUBOUT", or "RO"). Its function is to erase the last
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character typed.
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DEL - erase the previous character
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Use a DELETE to correct the following error:
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TOPS20>correction
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Hey, you're moving right along now. The next line editing character
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to learn is ^W. Sometimes your mistake doesn't involve just the last
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couple of letters. Sometimes you'll goof up a word or two. DELETEs
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aren't convenient when you have to delete so many letters. ^W will
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delete characters a word at a time.
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^W - erase the previous word
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Use one or more ^W (along with some other features you've learned) to
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correct the following error:
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TOPS20>This example is not wrong
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That's it! Almost done with the editing control characters... The
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last of these is ^U. If, somehow, the line you typed in was not at
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all what you were intending to type, ^U will erase the entire line of
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input.
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^U - erase the entire line
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Use ^U (and some other features you've learned) to correct the
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following error (we're getting tricky now):
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TOPS20>
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Wonderful! Now you know all about editing characters for commands on
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Tops-20. Only a couple more things to learn. The next is ^O. If a
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lot of typing is coming out on your terminal which you don't want to
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see, but you don't want to interrupt the program which is doing the
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output (we'll get to how to do that in a minute), you should type a
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^O. The first time you type ^O, it redirects output for your
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terminal off into nowhere (sort of sends it to the "bit bucket").
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The next time you type ^O, output is directed back to your terminal
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again. All output in the interim is lost.
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^O - toggles output suppression
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For practice with ^O, I'm going to dump a lot of output to your
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terminal. Try typing a few ^O's to see how they work.
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Type carriage return when you're ready.
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This is trip number 1 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 2 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 3 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 4 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 5 thru the loop.
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[...]
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This is trip number 46 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 47 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 48 thru the loop.
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^O...s trip number 49 thru the loop.
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he loop.
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This is trip number 53 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 54 thru the loop.
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[...]
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This is trip number 98 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 99 thru the loop.
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This is trip number 100 thru the loop.
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So there's ^O for you. Quite useful at times, isn't it...
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Would you like to try it again? no
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Ok, one last thing which you'll find useful before the final lesson.
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That's ^T. ^T tells you information about what you are currently
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doing. It's output looks something like this:
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17:03:57 TOPS20 IO wait at 2332 Used 0:34:41.4 in 10:05:05, Load
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3.58
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In the above example, "TOPS20" is the the name of the program which
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you are running. "IO wait" tells what the program is doing. (In
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this case, it's waiting for some input or output to complete - maybe
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waiting for the user to type something.) The number following "at"
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is the address at which the program is executing. The number
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following "Used" is the amount of time your program(s) have actually
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spent running, and the one after "in" is how long you've been logged
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on. The number following "Load" is roughly the number of people
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trying to use the machine "right now."
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Try typing a ^T...
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05:36:28 TOPS20 SLEEP at PS5+11 Used 0:00:01.5 in 0:07:49, Load
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0.03
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Well, would you believe you've made it to the last part of this
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lesson? The last (but not least important) thing you'll learn here
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is about ^C. Typing ^C's is how you get out of almost any program on
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Tops-20. If the program is waiting for input, one ^C will interrupt
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it. If not, probably two will work, but sometimes as many as four
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are needed. ^C is usually used as a panic exit from a program.
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^C - exits (immediately) from the program
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Oh, yes... Before you try it out, if you'd like to run this program
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again sometime, it's TOPS20:<GAMES>TOPS20.EXE.
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Ok - Now for the last bit of practice - ^C out of this program.
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^C
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To summarize:
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^C - Cease program immediately
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^O - Output suppress
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^Q - Qontinue output
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^R - Redisplay line
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^S - Stop output
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^T - Tells what's happening
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^U - Undoes line being typed in
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^W - Word deletion
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? - what?s expected here
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DEL - DELetes one character
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ESC - rESCognitiion invoked
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Ok, good luck...
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@
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</pre>
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$Id: tops20-interactive.html,v 1.1 2010/05/23 16:55:57 papa Exp $
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</body>
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</html>
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